Mastery 8 – Flashcard
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.
answer
belief-based feelings
question
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
answer
a dispositional attribution.
question
The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by
answer
the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments.
question
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when
answer
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
question
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of
answer
role playing on attitudes.
question
After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of
answer
informational social influence.
question
Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
answer
visual perception.
question
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
answer
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
question
Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
answer
even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
question
The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)
answer
outgroup.
question
People who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrate
answer
the just-world phenomenon.
question
Worldwide, women are ________ likely than men to live in poverty, and they are ________ likely than men to be illiterate.
answer
More and more
question
Prejudice is best defined as
answer
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
question
reating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
answer
ingroup bias.
question
Unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members is called
answer
discrimination.
question
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
answer
frustration.
question
Which of the following describes a stereotype?
answer
Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful.
question
Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of
answer
self-disclosure.
question
People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of
answer
the mere exposure effect.
question
Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates
answer
altruism.
question
Oxytocin is a hormone that has been found to promote feelings o
answer
trust
question
Three keys to an enduring companionate love include
answer
equity, self-disclosure, and positive suppor
question
The odds of our helping someone are higher when we are in a ________ town and we are feeling ________.
answer
small; guilty
question
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates the
answer
bystander effect.
question
Sherif's study of conflict in a camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by
answer
involving the groups in tasks that required their joint cooperation.
question
A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates
answer
group polarization.
question
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
answer
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
question
Deindividuation refers to
answer
protest kkk
question
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
answer
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
question
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
answer
conformity.
question
When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of
answer
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
question
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
answer
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
question
Attribution theory was designed to account for
answer
how people explain others' behavior.
question
After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates
answer
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
question
A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
answer
discrimination.
question
Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
answer
ingroup bias.
question
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
answer
stereotypes.
question
Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong?
answer
scapegoat theory
question
In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated
answer
plicit prejudice.
question
Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.
answer
attitude; behavior
question
Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often
answer
unconscious.
question
Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of
answer
implicit racial associations.
question
In an experiment, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to
answer
passionate love.
question
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
answer
emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
question
The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain
answer
passionate love.
question
A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely when people
answer
are in a hurry.
question
Participants in a voter preference study favored the presidential candidate whose face blended some of their own facial features with those of the candidate. This best illustrates the impact of
answer
the mere exposure effect.
question
Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?
answer
Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer
question
Observers' responses to the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment best illustrated
answer
the bystander effect.
question
Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their phone conversation if he has just
answer
completed a series of aerobic exercises.
question
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
answer
social psychology
question
Blindfolded university students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
answer
social loafing.
question
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
answer
the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
question
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
answer
individuals share a similar opinion.
question
After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of
answer
deindividuation.
question
Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to
answer
occur more rapidly
question
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
answer
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
question
Norms are best described as
answer
rules for socially accepted behavior.
question
At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of races different from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between
answer
explicit and implicit attitudes.
question
Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
answer
social inequalities.
question
Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
answer
ingroup bias.
question
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people
answer
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.
question
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
answer
the mere exposure effect
question
If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to
answer
conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.
question
What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
answer
physical attractiveness
question
Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of
answer
equity.
question
Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of
answer
a diffusion of responsibility.
question
Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by
answer
superordinate goals.
