Masteringbio chapter 24 study – Flashcards
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Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. a. gliding b. extended hops c. flight d. courtship e. all of these
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all of these
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_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition. a. Paedomorphosis b. Adaptive radiation c. Gene flow d. Microevolution e. Genetic drift
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Adaptive radiation
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Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. a. microevolution b. adaptive radiation c. genetic drift d. paedomorphosis e. gene flow
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adaptive radiation
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The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____. a. mutation b. adaptive radiation c. mass extinction d. paedomorphosis e. gene flow
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adaptive radiation
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The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. a. adaptive radiation b. mass extinction c. gene flow d. artificial selection e. paedomorphosis
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adaptive radiation
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What is genetic drift? a. A change in allele frequencies caused by random events b. The physical splitting of a habitat c. The production of an evolutionarily independent group of organisms d. The motion of continental plates over time
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A change in allele frequencies caused by random events
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Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island? a. All three answers are correct. b. Natural selection favored individuals that were more fit in the new environment. c. Genetic drift occurred in the two populations. d. The separation of habitats reduced gene flow between the populations.
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All three answers are correct.
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True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats. a. True b. False
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False
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Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true? a. Reinforcement increases the number of intermediate phenotypes. b. Reinforcement is also called dispersive selection. c. Reinforcement is a type of natural selection. d. Reinforcement decreases the morphological difference between two incipient species.
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Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.
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A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to its original habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true? a. The populations will be able to interbreed even though they are different species. b. The populations were sympatric while they diverged. c. The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species. d. The birds were separated by a vicariance event.
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The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species.
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A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time? a. Decreased fitness of small-beaked birds, creating a new species b. Decreased fitness of the insects, allowing the birds to catch them more easily c. Increased fitness of the large-beaked birds, creating a new species d. Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection
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Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection
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True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation. a. True b. False
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True
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Of the 59 matings in the experimental groups, how many were between like-adapted flies (flies adapted to the same medium)? a. 17 b. 22 c. 30 d. 42
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42
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Which of the following statements is best supported by the data on matings in the experimental groups? a. There is no evidence of reproductive isolation between the starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies. b. The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies appear to now be separate species as defined by the biological species concept. c. The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming between the populations.
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The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming between the populations.
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Which of the following statements is supported by the data from the control group matings? a. Male starch-adapted flies were less likely to mate with female starch-adapted flies than with female maltose-b. Female starch flies from population #2 were more likely to mate with male flies from their own population than with flies from a different starch population. c. Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their own starch-adapted population.
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Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their own starch-adapted population.
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A similar control experiment was performed with flies adapted to maltose, and similar results were obtained. What were these control experiments testing? a. These control experiments tested whether in the process of becoming adapted to different food sources, the flies had lost the ability to reproduce. b. These control experiments tested whether the starch-adapted flies had a greater preference for like-adapted flies than did the maltose-adapted flies. c. These control experiments tested whether flies were more likely to choose mates from their own population than from another population adapted to the same medium.
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These control experiments tested whether flies were more likely to choose mates from their own population than from another population adapted to the same medium.
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Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed? a. Allopatry b. Polyploidy c. Sympatry d. Speciation
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Sympatry
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What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations? a. Genetic drift b. Natural selection c. Geographical isolation d. Gene flow
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Gene flow
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True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring. a. True b. False
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False
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Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true? a. They can never produce viable offspring. b. They result from matings between individuals of different species. c. They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes. d. They can always produce fertile offspring.
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They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.
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What would be the ploidy of the viable gametes produced by a tetraploid individual if nondisjunction of all chromosomes occurred in meiosis I? a. Triploid b. Tetraploid c. Haploid d. Diploid
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Tetraploid
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How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species? a. Nondisjunction event during mitosis b. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes c. Allopolyploid plants cannot become biologically fit new species; they are always sterile. d. Nondisjunction event during meiosis
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Nondisjunction event during mitosis
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How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 2 and 10, respectively? a. Haploid number of 6 b. Diploid number of 12 c. Haploid number of 12 d. Diploid number of 6
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Haploid number of 6
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What hypothesis did the researchers test in this study? a. Dusky salamanders are undergoing sympatric speciation. b. Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations. c. Dusky salamanders are in the process of speciation.
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Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations.
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Identify the independent variable in this study. a. the presence of sperm in cloacas of female dusky salamanders b. the reproductive isolation values for pairs of dusky salamander populations c. the geographic distance between dusky salamander populations d. the mountain ranges that dusky salamander populations live in
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the geographic distance between dusky salamander populations
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Identify the dependent variable in this study. a. the geographic distance between dusky salamander populations b. the presence of sperm in cloacas of female dusky salamanders c. the reproductive isolation values for pairs of dusky salamander populations d. the courtship behaviors of dusky salamander populations
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the reproductive isolation values for pairs of dusky salamander populations
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Why did the researchers set up four possible matings for each pair of populations: female A + male A; female B + male B; female A + male B; female B + male A? a. to assess whether or not populations A and B are separate species b. to assess whether males or females determine mating success c. to identify the behavioral or morphological features that contribute to reproductive isolation d. to compare the proportion of successful matings within populations to the proportion of successful matings between populations
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to compare the proportion of successful matings within populations to the proportion of successful matings between populations
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Why did the researchers set up 30 trials for each type of mating? a. to provide replication b. to provide a control group c. to control variables d. to avoid experimenter bias
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to provide replication
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Calculate the value of the reproductive isolation index if all of the matings within a population were successful but none of the matings between populations were successful. a. 0 b. 1.0 c. 1.5 d. 2.0
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2.0
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How do reproductive isolation values change with geographic distance among pairs of dusky salamander populations? a. Reproductive isolation values increase with geographic distance. b. Reproductive isolation values decrease with geographic distance. c. Reproductive isolation values do not change with geographic distance.
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Reproductive isolation values increase with geographic distance.
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What does the scatter plot suggest about the process of allopatric speciation? a. Geographically isolated populations represent separate species. b. Reproductive isolation of populations leads to geographic isolation. c. Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur as populations become separated by greater distances. d. Geographically isolated populations are also reproductively isolated.
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Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur as populations become separated by greater distances.
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Which hypothesis suggests a possible cause of the relationship shown in the scatter plot? a. Geographically separated populations of dusky salamanders gradually diverge, and the divergence increases with geographic distance. b. The founder effect results in divergence between geographically separated populations of dusky salamanders. c. Small populations of dusky salamanders gradually diverge due to genetic drift. d. Sympatric populations of dusky salamanders gradually diverge because they exploit different food sources.
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Geographically separated populations of dusky salamanders gradually diverge, and the divergence increases with geographic distance.
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According to most paleoanthropologists, which of the following is true? a. When modern humans arose, archaic humans disappeared worldwide. b. Modern humans and archaic humans survived side-by-side for thousands of years in Africa. c. When modern humans arose, archaic humans disappeared in Africa. d. Modern humans and archaic humans survived side-by-side for millions of years in Africa.
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When modern humans arose, archaic humans disappeared in Africa.
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If your pituitary gland isn't functioning properly, which of the following will be affected? a. hematopoesis and reproduction b. reproduction and growth c. digestion and growth d. hematopoesis and digestion
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reproduction and growth
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You are a paleoanthropologist studying Neanderthals. Where should you look for their fossils? a. South America b. North America c. Europe d. East Africa
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Europe
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What do paleoanthropologists generally believe about genetic findings? a. Genetic findings have no place in studying human evolution. b. Genetic findings need corresponding fossil evidence to be true. c. Genetic findings are nearly always incorrect. d. Genetic findings do not need corresponding fossil evidence to be true.
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Genetic findings need corresponding fossil evidence to be true.
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How do genomes of species change? a. Through extinction. b. They don't. c. When individuals are exposed to a new habitat. d. By mutations in DNA.
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By mutations in DNA.
