Mastering Astronomy Chapters: 4-8 – Flashcards
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About a trillion comets are thought to be located far, far beyond Pluto in the
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Oort Cloud
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The bright spherical part of a comet observed when it is close to the Sun is the
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coma
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A comet's ____ stretches directly away from the Sun.
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plasma tail
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A comet's ___ is the frozen portion of a comet.
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nucleus
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Particles ejected from a comet can cause a ___ on Earth,
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meteor shower
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The ___ extends from about beyond the orbit of Neptune to about twice the distance of Neptune from the Sun.
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Kuiper Belt
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The largest planets also have the largest densities.
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False
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The total mass of all the planets is much less than the mass of the Sun.
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True
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Asteroids, meteoroids, and comets are remnants of the early solar system.
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True
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If we were to construct an accurate scale model of the solar system on a football field with the Sun at one end and Neptune at the other, the planet closest to the center of the field would be
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Uranus
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In the leading theory of solar system formation, the planets
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formed from the same flattened, swirling gas cloud that formed the Sun.
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The solar system is differentiated because
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only rocky and metallic particles could form close to the Sun.
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According to the chart in Discovery 4-1 in the textbook, an impact resulting in global catastrophe is expected to occur roughly once per
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Million Years
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Which of the following are the Jovian planets?
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only
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Which planet by itself contains the majority of mass of all the planets?
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Jupiter
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Planetary orbits
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are almost circular, with low eccentricities.
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Which of the following is not icy in composition?
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Asteroids
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In terms of ________, all the terrestrials are greater than any of the jovians.
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density
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The Jovian Planets
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all have rings around their equators.
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All the planets orbit the Sun in the ________ plane.
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Ecliptic
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The Kuiper Belt is found where in the solar system?
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Beyond the orbit of neptune
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The tail of a comet always points
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away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion.
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The Oort Cloud is believed to be
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a spherical cloud of cometary nuclei far beyond the Kuiper Belt.
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Which of the following have an icy composition?
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Comets
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The most distant objects in our solar system are
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in the Oort Cloud.
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The most detailed look we've had of an asteroid comes from
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Spacecraft sent to an asteroid
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A meteorite is
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a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground.
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The orbits of most comets
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lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune.
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Objects in the Kuiper belt
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lie beyond the orbit of Neptune, and close to the ecliptic.
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In terms of composition
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the jovian planets are more like the Sun than are the terrestrials.
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As the solar nebula contracts it
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spins faster due to conservation of angular momentum.
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According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets
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should be a common result of star formation.
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As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins
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faster due to conservation of angular momentum.
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So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly
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large jovians with terrestrial-type orbits.
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Most of the extrasolar planets found so far were detected by
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noting the Doppler shifts of the star as the planet orbits it from side to side.
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Which statement about extrasolar planets found to date is true?
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Some are so close to their stars that their periods are just a few days.
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All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt.
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True
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One characteristic of the Terrestrial planets is their extensive moon systems.
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False
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Earth is nearly twice as large as Venus.
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False
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All Jovian planets have rings around their equators and at least eight moons.
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True
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Due to their great masses, all four Jovian worlds are much denser than the earth.
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False
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Comets are not actually members of the solar system, but captured by the Sun.
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False
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In addition to revolving around the Sun counter clockwise, most planets also rotate on their axis counter clockwise.
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True
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Astronomers have not yet been able to detect planets outside our solar system.
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False
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Relative to the comet, the direction of the ion tail tells us
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The direction of the sun
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Meteor showers are
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usually annual events, as the orbits again intersect. & caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an old short-period comet.
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A meteor is
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a streak of light in the atmosphere.
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Long-period comets are believed to originally come from
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The Oort Cloud
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All the planets revolve around the Sun counter clockwise, except for Venus and Uranus.
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False
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All the planets' orbits are even spaced.
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False
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Pluto is more similar to the jovian planet's icy moons than to any of the other planets.
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True
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A Kuiper Belt object was recently discovered that may be larger than Pluto.
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True
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Barringer Crater in Arizona is an example of a meteorite impact.
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True
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The Oort Cloud lies closer to the Sun than the Kuiper Belt.
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False
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Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon.
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True
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As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster.
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True
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We would expect other planets beyond our own solar system to orbit the equators of their home stars, as our own planets orbit the Sun.
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True
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The nucleus of a comet is typically
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a few kilometers in size, and very low in density.
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The Manicouagan reservoir near Quebec is an example of
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a large meteorite impact.
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the slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to _______
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Seafloor Spreading
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Old Faithful aquires its energy from a ___
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Hot Spot
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layered ___ exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon
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Sedimentary Rock
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Australia is composed of relatively old and thick_____
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Continental Crust
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the extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of ____
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Subduction
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___ found in Atlantic ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock
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Seafloor Crust
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the earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a ___
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Fault
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Earth's magnetic field is the result of our planet's large, permanently magnetized iron core.
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False
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The deepest that geologists have drilled into Earth is about the same as
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the altitude most commercial jet airplanes fly.
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If Earth had no Moon, then tides would
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occur with the same frequency, but would not be as strong.
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Which of the following layers of the earth is unique among the terrestrial planets?
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Hydrosphere
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What is true of spring tides?
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The difference between low and high tides would be greatest.
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At what phase are the tides least noticeable?
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Third Quarter
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What is true of the Moon's orbital and rotational periods?
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They are equal
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Almost all of our atmospheric gases lie in the:
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Troposphere
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The critical part of the atmosphere for protecting life on the ground from excessive ultraviolet radiation is the:
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Ozone Layer
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In what part of our atmosphere do we live?
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Troposphere
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Without the greenhouse effect operating in our atmosphere,
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Earth would have an average temperature of -23 degrees Celsius.
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The average rate of erosion on the Moon is far less than on Earth because
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the Moon lacks wind, water and an atmosphere.
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We determine the structure of the Earth's core using
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Seismic Wave Data
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Seismic waves are most useful for mapping:
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the Earth's core and mantle.
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Which statement about seismic waves is true?
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P waves travel faster, and thus arrive sooner than do the S waves.
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The rate of cratering in the lunar highlands shows us that
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they range from 4.6 - 4.4 billion years old, on average.
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What is true of the lunar highlands?
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They are the oldest part of the lunar surface..
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The presence of a magnetic field is a good indication that:
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we have a liquid metal outer core, spinning rapidly as we rotate.
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When strong solar winds are displaced poleward by our magnetic fields, we get
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intense auroral displays.
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Earth's magnetic field
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prevents charged particles in the solar wind from reaching the surface.
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Which of these theories seems to best explain the Moon's origin?
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Impact Theory
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Greenhouse gases in our atmosphere trap just enough heat to keep the earth's oceans liquid.
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True
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The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere.
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True
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Seismic P-waves can travel through both solid and liquid materials.
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True
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Seismic S-waves can travel through Earth's liquid outer core.
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False
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In the past, most of the landmass on Earth was concentrated in a single, large continent.
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True
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When plates collide, they fuse together and come to rest.
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False
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The lunar mare radioactively date back to 4.6 billion years, at the origin of the Moon, hence their dark color due to this aging.
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False
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The atmospheric gases primarily responsible for our greenhouse effect are
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water vapor and carbon dioxide.
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The lunar mare are found
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mainly on the near side.
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The region in which charged particles are trapped by our magnetic fields is the
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Van Allen radiation belt.
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Our Earth is about four times larger than the Moon in diameter.
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True
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The Earth's hotter, inner core is liquid and its cooler, outer core is solid.
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False
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The tidal pull of the Moon is an example of a differential force, as the near and far sides of the Earth do not experience the same gravitational pull of the Moon.
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True
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The Moon keeps one side facing the Earth because it doesn't rotate on its axis.
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False
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Weather occurs in the troposphere.
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True
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The continuing rise of carbon dioxide concentration in our troposphere is leading to worldwide cooling as dry ice forms at the poles.
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False
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The three most abundant gases in our atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.
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True
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There is no evidence for plate tectonics on the Moon today.
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True
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Most lunar craters are volcanic in origin.
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False
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Today most scientists favor the capture theory of the Moon's origin, since it would explain why the Moon still orbits in the ecliptic plane, as do other planets.
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False
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Evidence of lava flows is common on the surface of Venus.
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True
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Mercury's solar day is longer than its solar year.
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True
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There are many indications of past plate tectonics on Mars.
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False
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Valles Marineris is comparable in size to Earth's Grand Canyon.
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False
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In relation to the density of Earth's Moon, Mercury's density suggests that the planet
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Has A Dense Metal Core
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Venus's surface is permanently obscured by clouds. As a result, the surface has been studied primarily by
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Orbiting Satellites Using Radar
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Compared with Earth, Venus has a level of plate tectonic activity that is
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Virtually Nonexistent
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Venus's atmospheric temperature is
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hotter than temperatures on Mercury.
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In terms of area, the extinct Martian volcano Olympus Mons is about the size of
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Colorado
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In comparison to the atmosphere of Venus, the vastly different atmospheric character of Mars is likely due to a/an
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Reverse Greenhouse Effect
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The most likely theory of the formation of Earth's Moon is that it
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formed from a collision of Earth with a Mars-sized object.
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How does Mercury's rotation relate to the Sun?
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Its rotation rate is 2/3 as long as its year, due to tidal resonances.
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Mercury presents the same side to the Sun
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Every Other Orbit
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The atmospheric pressure on Venus:
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is much higher than on Earth.
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What is the main constituent of the atmosphere of Venus?
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Carbon dioxide
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The main constituent of the martian atmosphere is
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Carbon dioxide
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Why are Mars' seasons more extreme than those of the earth? -Mars' axial tilt is slightly more than our 23.5 degrees. -Mars' seas dried up long ago. -Mars' orbit is more eccentric than our almost circular one. -Mars' weather is driven by evaporation from the polar ice in its summer. -All Contribute
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-All Contribute
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One of the effects of Mercury's very slow spin is
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extreme variations in its surface temperature.
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Mercury's surface most resembles which of these?
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the lunar far side
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Our most detailed maps of Venus come from:
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the Magellan spaceprobe.
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The surface of Venus can be observed with:
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radar observations from Arecibo.
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Valles Marineris is the most striking example of a(n)
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Rift Valley
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The deepest depression found on the surface of Mars is the
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Hellas Basin of Mars
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The NASA missions that landed on Mars in 1976 were the
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Vikings I and II
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The largest difference between Mars' northern and southern hemispheres is that:
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the southern appears older, with more impact craters.
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The presence of a Mercurian magnetic field surprised the planetary scientists on the Mariner 10 team because
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the dynamo theory predicted that Mercury was spinning too slowly for one
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The density of Mars is very similar to that of the other terrestrial planets.
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False
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Venus can appear as a crescent through the telescope.
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True
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Mercury's rotation and revolution are an example of a 3:2 resonance.
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True
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Compared to Earth, Venus spins very rapidly.
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False
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Mercury has the widest variation in surface temperatures between night and day of any planet in the solar system.
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True
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The scarps on Mercury are extremely similar to the cratered lunar highlands in appearance.
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False
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The surface temperature of Venus is 750K, even hotter than Mercury.
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True
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No evidence of impact craters has been found on Venus.
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False
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The surface of Mars is surprisingly smooth and featureless.
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False
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The polar caps and dust storms of Mars can be seen with Earth-based amateur telescopes.
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True
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The low surface gravity helps martian volcanoes grow to great heights.
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True
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The seasonal polar caps on Mars, which grow and shrink over the year, are primarily carbon dioxide.
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True
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Mars has a weak magnetic field.
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True
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Carbon dioxide is the predominant atmospheric gas on Venus.
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True
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Running water continues to be the major erosive factor of Mars today.
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False
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Running water played a major role in shaping Mars in ancient times.
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True
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Which planet shows the widest range of surface temperatures between day and night?
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Mercury
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What is true of Mars?
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Iron oxide on the surface is responsible for its reddish color
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Much of the water on Mars
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is thought to be in a layer of permafrost just below the surface.
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Venus' surface temperature cools off at night, much like Mercury's does.
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False
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Mars appears red in color because of refraction of light by its atmosphere, much like the color of the totally eclipsed Moon.
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False
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Winds on Mars give rise to planet-wide dust storms.
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True
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Mercury has an unusually small core.
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False
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The Mars Rover found undisputed microfossils, proving life once existed on Mars.
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False
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The solid surface of Jupiter lies just below the cloud layers that are visible from Earth.
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False
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The solid surface of Jupiter lies just below the cloud layers that are visible from Earth.
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False
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Jupiter emits more energy than it receives from the Sun.
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True
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Although often referred to as a gaseous planet, Jupiter is mostly liquid in its interior.
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True
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The magnetic fields of both Uranus and Neptune are highly tilted relative to their rotation axes and significantly offset from the planets' centers.
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True
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The main constituent of Jupiter's atmosphere is
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Hydrogen
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Saturn's cloud layers are much thicker than those of Jupiter because Saturn has
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Weaker surface gravity
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Uranus was discovered about the same time as
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The U.S. Declaration of Independence
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Compared with Uranus, the planet Neptune is
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Roughly the same size
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Our most detailed knowledge of Uranus and Neptune comes from
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spacecraft exploration
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Which three played a role in the finding of Neptune?
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Adams, Leverrier, and Galle
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Small deviations in a planet's orbital motion
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imply the nearby presence of a massive body.
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Adams and Leverrier both predicted the position of Neptune, based on its effects on:
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Uranus
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Uranus was discovered
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less than 250 years ago
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At which planet can the pole remain in darkness for 42 years, then have 42 years of constant daylight?
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Uranus
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In terms of axial tilt, which of the jovians shows us the largest inclination?
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Uranus
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If you could find a bathtub big enough for Saturn, the planet would:
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Float
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The planet whose pole was facing the Sun when Voyager 2 approached in 1986 was
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Uranus
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Which of these is true about the seasons of Uranus?
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Its strange tilt produces extreme seasonal variations, especially at the poles.
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The reason the jovian planets lost very little of their original atmosphere is due to their
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Large mass
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Studying the magnetospheres of the jovians has allowed us to measure their
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Rotation rate
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Essentially, the Great Red Spot is
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a large cyclonic storm (hurricane).
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Alternating zones of rising and sinking gas in Jupiter's atmosphere
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create light and dark bands
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Which planet had the Great Dark Spot in 1989, but had lost it by 1995?
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Neptune
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The magnetic field tilts of which two bodies are the most unusual?
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Uranus and Neptune
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What is the source of Jupiter's intense radio waves and magnetism?
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liquid metallic hydrogen swirling in the rapidly spinning mantle
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Jupiter gives back into space twice the energy it gets from the distant Sun. Where is this energy coming from, for the most part?
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the slow escape of gravitational energy left from its formation
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What is true of Jupiter's magnetosphere?
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It has a tail that extends at least to Saturn's orbit.
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What is thought to lie at the center of Jupiter?
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a massive core of rocky materials with some iron mixed in
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Differential rotation is when a planet's equator and polar regions rotate at different rates.
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True
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The zonal flows giving rise to the belts and zones are similar to the jet streams in our own stratosphere.
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True
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While hydrogen, helium, water, and ammonia can produce the white coloration of Jupiter's zones, the brownish color of the belts requires more complex chemistry.
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True
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We have observed a comet strike Jupiter.
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True
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Jupiter's magnetic field is much stronger than Earth's, and has a magnetic tail that extends beyond the orbit of Saturn.
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True
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Jupiter puts back into space twice the energy it gets from the Sun.
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True
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William Herschel was the discoverer of Uranus.
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True
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Changes in the predicted motion of Uranus led to the search for an eighth planet.
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True
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Saturn is less dense than water.
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True
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The axial tilts of Uranus and Neptune are similar.
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False
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Helium is more abundant at Saturn than at Jupiter.
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False
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Although it is almost the same size as Jupiter, Saturn's gravity is about 2.5 times less, because of Saturn's lower mass and density.
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True
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Uranus' rotation axis is tipped over 98 degrees, so its magnetosphere is tipped over the same amount.
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False
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Neptune has a larger fraction of methane in its atmosphere than Uranus.
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True
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The two outer jovians appear bluish in color because
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methane gas in their atmospheres absorbs red light well.
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A gravitational assist, or slingshot, can be used to either speed up or slow down a spacecraft.
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True
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Galileo's early telescopes revealed the four large moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, and its large moon Titan.
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False
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Like the discovery of Uranus, the finding of Neptune was accidental.
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False
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All four jovian planets are made primarily of hydrogen and oxygen.
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False
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All four jovians spin faster than any of the terrestrials.
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True
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Jupiter's Great Red Spot is similar to a hurricane on Earth.
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True
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Jupiter's atmosphere looks uniform and calm, with no visible detail.
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False
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There is less ammonia in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune than in Jupiter or Saturn.
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True
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Methane absorbs red light readily, so we would expect a planet with a mostly methane atmosphere to appear blue.
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True
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The following images show Earth and the four jovian planets of our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on their distance from the Sun, from closest to farthest. (Not to scale.) Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, Earth, Saturn,
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Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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The following images show Earth and the four jovian planets of our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on their size (average equatorial radius), from smallest to largest. (Not to scale.) Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, Earth, Saturn,
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Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter
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The following images show Earth and the four jovian planets of our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on their mass, from lowest to highest. (Not to scale.) Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, Earth, Saturn,
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Earth, Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter
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The following images show five planets in our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on their average surface (or cloud-top) temperature, from highest to lowest. (Not to scale.) Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, Earth, Saturn,
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Mercury, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune
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The following images show five planets in our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on the amount of time it takes them to orbit the Sun, from longest to shortest. (Not to scale.) Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, Earth, Saturn,
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Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, Earth and Mercury
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The following images show four planets in our solar system. Rank these planets from left to right based on the number of moons that orbit them, from highest to lowest. (Not to scale.) Earth, Jupiter, Mars and Mercury
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Jupiter, Mars, Earth and Mercury
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Listed following are some of the distinguishing geological characteristics of the moons orbiting Jupiter. Match each characteristic to the appropriate moon. - source of ionized gas in the donut-shaped charged particle belt around jupiter - ice covered surface with few impact craters - hot, glowing lava visible in some photos - heavily cratered terrain adjacent to much younger terrain - volcanoes currently erupting - largest moon in the solar system - surface features provide evidence of a subsurface liquid ocean
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Io - source of ionized gas in the donut-shaped charged particle belt around jupiter - hot, glowing lava visible in some photos - volcanoes currently erupting Europa - surface features provide evidence of a subsurface liquid ocean - ice covered surface with few impact craters Ganymede - largest moon in the solar system - heavily cratered terrain adjacent to much younger terrain
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The largest moon in the solar system is ___
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Ganymede
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The jovian moon with the most geologically active surface is ___
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Io
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Strong evidence both from surface features and magnetic field data support the existence of a subsurface ocean on ___
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Europa
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___ is responsible for the tremendous volcanic activity on Io
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Tidal Heating
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__ is the most distant of Jupiter's four Galilean moons.
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Callisto
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The fact that Europa orbits Jupiter twice for every one orbit of Ganymede is an example of a(n) ___
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Orbital Resonance
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Saturn's rings are composed of __________.
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lots of individual particles of ice and rock
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Saturn's rings look bright because __________.
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light from the Sun reflects off the material in the rings
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the motion of the particles in Saturn's rings?
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Particles in the inner rings orbit Saturn at a faster speed than particles in the outer rings.
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The composition of Saturn's ring particles is predominantly water ice.
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True
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Saturn's rings exist because they lie within the planet's Roche limit.
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True
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Two small shepherd satellites are responsible for the unusually complex form of Saturn's F ring.
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True
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Titan's surface is obscured by thick clouds of ammonia ice.
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False
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Triton's orbit is unusual because it is retrograde.
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True
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The atmospheric pressure at the surface of Titan is
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about one-and-a-half times greater than the atmospheric pressure at Earth's surface.
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Which of the Galilean moons is the densest and most geologically active?
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Io
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Pluto's density is most similar to
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moons of the jovian planets
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Pluto was discovered in
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1930
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The two names most associated with the discovery of Pluto are
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Lowell and Tombaugh
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Charon's orbit
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Is highly inclined to Pluto's orbital plane
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Pluto is most similar to
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triton
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What is so unusual about Pluto's orbit?
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It is more inclined to the ecliptic than any of the eight planets.
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Triton and Pluto both probably originated in the Kuiper Belt.
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True
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Pluto is smaller than many moons in the solar system.
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True
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Pluto's classification as a planet has been called into question.
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True
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Pluto is visible to the naked eye on extremely dark nights.
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False
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Pluto is probably one of the largest of the Kuiper Belt bodies beyond Neptune.
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True
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What is thought to be the cause of Io's volcanoes?
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gravitational tidal stresses from both Jupiter and Europa
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Which are the four Galilean moons of Jupiter?
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Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto
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In size and density, both Io and Europa resemble
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our Moon.
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The mare on Ganymede were formed by
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water erupting and spreading over the surface
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Of the Jovian satellites, which shows the oldest, most cratered surface?
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Callisto
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The largest moon in the solar system, bigger but not as massive as Mercury, is
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Ganymede
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Which of these moons has the densest atmosphere?
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Titan
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At Titan, the oceans are made of liquid
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ethane
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The atmosphere of Titan is composed mostly of
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nitrogen
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What is true of Titan's atmosphere?
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It is similar to Earth's in composition and density.
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The erupting geysers of nitrogen gas on Triton
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are caused by a not yet determined internal energy source.
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Which statement about Jupiter's rings is true?
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They lie inside Jupiter's Roche Limit.
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Inside the Roche Limit
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large moons are torn apart.
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The surface of Io looks most like the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean of Earth.
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False
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Io's internal heat is due to tidal interactions with Jupiter and Europa.
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True
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Of all the Galilean satellites, the surface of Europa is the youngest in age.
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False
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Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system.
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True
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Titan's surface has been mapped using Earth based visual telescopes.
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False
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Methane drives the weather of Titan, for there it can be liquid, solid, or gas.
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True
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Like Titan, Triton has a nitrogen atmosphere.
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True
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Alone among all the large moons, Triton orbits Neptune retrograde, and also at a 20 degree inclination to Neptune's equator.
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True
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Probably the next satellite to get turned into ring debris will be Neptune's backward moon, Triton.
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True