mastering A&P final exam! – Flashcards

The renal arteries deliver the components of urine to the kidney; the urine formed there is carried to the outside by the ureters. Are these two statements true or false? Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is false; the second is true. The first statement is true; the second is false.

The kidney does all of these except __________. The kidney does all of these except __________. secreting excess albumin helping stabilize blood pH regulating plasma electrolytes regulating blood volume

Which of these organs is not part of the urinary system? Which of these organs is not part of the urinary system? urinary bladder ureter vagina urethra

Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal hilum? Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal hilum? Ureter Renal artery Renal nerves Urethra

The urethra drains urine from the __, not from the kidney.

The step in kidney function where fluid is forced out of the blood is __________. The step in kidney function where fluid is forced out of the blood is __________. from glomerulus to glomerular capsule from PCT to DCT from glomerular capsule to PCT from afferent arteriole to glomerulus

__provide structural reinforcement of capillary walls without impeding the flow of filtrate.

The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney were the ureter exits is called the __________. The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney were the ureter exits is called the __________. calyx pelvis pyramid hilum

The ___ receives fluid from multiple nephrons, so it is not part of a single nephron.

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________. efferent arterioles afferent arterioles renal arteries cortical radial arteries

The urinary filtrate first enters __________. collecting tubule renal papilla proximal convoluted tubule the glomerular (Bowman) capsule

Urine flows first from the papilla to the _________. Urine flows first from the papilla to the _________. renal pelvis minor calyces major calyces urethra

which is not considered part of a nephron? a. glomerulus b. proximal convoluted tubule c. loop of Henle d. collecting duct

Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption? proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle

Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma? proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle distal convoluted tubule nephron loop

True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion. True False

Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls? glomerular capsule afferent arteriole efferent arteriole juxtaglomerular complex

Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule? nephron loop collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule

Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made? simple columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium transitional epithelium simple squamous epithelium

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________. glucose urea creatinine uric acid

where does reabsorption of organic substrates occur?

A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure; this will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false? The first is true; the second is false. Both statements are false. Both statements are true. The first is false; the second is true.

Which of these effects is not produced by sympathetic activation? vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increased glomerular filtration rate renin release altered regional blood flow

Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? the blood pressure within the glomerulus the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute

Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate? autonomic regulation glomerular filtration rate (GFR) vasoconstriction glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? natriuretic peptides autonomic regulation autoregulation renin-angiotensin system

Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex? autonomic regulation renin-angiotensin system myogenic mechanism natriuretic peptides

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? systemic arterioles afferent arterioles efferent arterioles glomerulus

In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR? increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles dilation of efferent arterioles constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism release of ANP and BNP

What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR? angiotensin I angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) angiotensin II renin

the___ pressure of blood forces fluid out of the glomerular capillaries.

Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR? Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart.

The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________. capsular hydrostatic pressure blood hydrostatic pressure blood hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? water and small solutes blood cells and large particles nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea ions, such as sodium and potassium

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? gravity colloid osmotic pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? creatinine chloride glucose protein

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would decrease net filtration would not be altered net filtration would increase

Yes, because osmotic pressure opposes filtration, increasing ___would decrease net filtration.

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 35 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 60 mm Hg

The macula densa forms part of the __________. juxtaglomerular complex nephron loop filtration membrane glomerular capsule

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration

__stimulates the reabsorption of water from renal tubules, so blocking ADH would cause more water to be lost from the body.

What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb? What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb? Ions are actively transported out of the descending limb, and water follows. Water is actively transported by cells of the descending limb. Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb. There is a hydrostatic pressure gradient in the descending limb that allows water to filter out.

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium? cortisone ADH aldosterone epinephrine

Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is false? It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves. It is composed of smooth muscle. It contracts the wall of the urinary bladder. It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.

Which of these is not an aspect of the micturition reflex arc? The effector is the detrusor muscle. It involves sympathetic nervous system function. It is stimulated by mechanoreceptors. CNS processing occurs in the sacral cord.

The ureters extend from the __________. minor calyces to the major calyces urinary bladder to the urethra renal pelvis to the urinary bladder nephrons to the renal pelvis

With advancing years, the urinary system develops all of these problems except __________. a decrease in GFR increased frequency of infection increased sensitivity to ADH urinary retention

Which of these age-related changes most increases the risk of dehydration? weak micturition reflex weak sphincter tone reduced glomerular filtration decreased sensitivity to ADH

which of these changes is least likely as people age? a. loss of sphincter tone b. loss of functional nephrons c. increased sensitivity to aldosterone d. detrusor muscle weakness