question

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? increased osteoclast activity decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage inadequate calcification of bone decreased osteoclast activity

answer

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

question

Which of the following is a bone projection? fossa foramen trochanter sinus groove

answer

Trochanter

question

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. diaphysis metaphysis articular cartilage epiphysis

answer

Diaphysis

question

A step in what bone forming process is shown in the figure? See A&P Photo endochondral ossification bone remodeling bone fracture repair intramembranous ossification

answer

endochondral ossification

question

The indicated blood vessels and nerve are found within a ______. See A&P photo Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann's) canal marrow cavity caniculus

answer

Central (Haversian) canal

question

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. appositional growth concentric growth epiphyseal plate closure closing of the epiphyseal plate

answer

appositional growth

question

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. True False

answer

True

question

What is osteoid? the inorganic part of the matrix of bone one of the cell types found in bone the organic part of the matrix of bone the outer surface of bone

answer

the organic part of the matrix of bone

question

The osteon is ________. a fibrous membrane that covers and protects bone the structural unit of compact bone the structural unit of spongy bone a network of red marrow

answer

the structural unit of compact bone

question

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D sodium, calcium, and vitamin E vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D

answer

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

question

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? the lengthening of hyaline cartilage the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger growth at the epiphyseal plate

answer

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger

question

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function. True False

answer

False

question

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. in a circular fashion by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis from the edges inward by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis

answer

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

question

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood? calcium thyroid hormone growth hormone parathyroid hormone

answer

growth hormone

question

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? parathyroid pineal gland spleen --> thyroid.

answer

thyroid.

question

. The main role of the appendicular skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. True False

answer

False

question

In adults, yellow marrow is located ________. in the medullary cavity of long bones primarily in flat bones in the central canals of osteons in the epiphyseal plates of long bones

answer

in the medullary cavity of long bones

question

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? osteocyte osteoblast osteoclast

answer

osteoclast

question

The above figure depicts which of the following bone-forming processes? bone remodeling in response to changes in mechanical stress bone repair at a site of fracture endochondral ossification during bone formation and growth intramembranous ossification during embryonic development

answer

intramembranous ossification during embryonic development

question

The notable hardness of bone is attributed to ________. -->the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites the presence of glycoproteins the presence of collagen fibers the presence of cartilage the presence of proteoglycans

answer

the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites

question

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. cartilage and compact bone marrow and osteons chondrocytes and osteocytes osteoblasts and osteoclasts

answer

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

question

The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following? sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules amount of mineral salts in the bone presence of osteoblasts in the bone amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone

answer

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

question

What is the final stage in the healing of a bone fracture? --> bone remodeling formation of a hematoma formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus formation of a bony callus

answer

bone remodeling

question

What bone-associated structure in panel C is indicated by the arrow? osteon epiphyseal plate periosteum trabeculae

answer

trabeculae

question

What tissue forms the model for endochondral ossification? fascia membranes bone cartilage

answer

cartilage

question

. Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder? The child most likely has osteomalacia. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day. The child most likely has osteoporosis. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and performance of weight-bearing exercises. The child most likely has Paget's disease. Treatment includes drug therapy with administration of calcitonin and bisphosphonates. -->The child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day.

answer

The child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day.

question

Which hormone is produced in bone and regulates bone formation, but also protects against diabetes mellitus? growth hormone osteocalcin calcitonin leptin

answer

osteocalcin

question

. The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. yellow marrow and spicules blood vessels and nerve fibers adipose tissue and nerve fibers cartilage and interstitial lamellae

answer

blood vessels and nerve fibers

question

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter C? conversion of spongy bone to compact bone --> bone resorption expansion of the articular cartilage

answer

appositional growth

question

. The illustrated bone-forming process would be associated with which of the following bones? humerus femur vertebrae parietal

answer

parietal

question

Which of the following is the major component of the part of the bone labeled E? hyaline cartilage osseous tissue dense connective tissue adipose tissue

answer

adipose tissue

question

. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? mechanical stress low blood Ca2+ concentration parathyroid hormone glucagon

answer

glucagon

question

When should prevention of osteoporosis start? The prevention of osteoporosis should begin with children while bones are still growing. Children should increase their bone mass to provide additional protection from osteoporosis in the future. The prevention of osteoporosis should start in early old age, to prevent a decrease in bone density in the future. The prevention of osteoporosis should start in middle age, to counter the gradual loss of bone density as we get old. The prevention of osteoporosis should begin young adults, to increase the bone mass to provide additional protection from osteoporosis.

answer

The prevention of osteoporosis should begin with children while bones are still growing. Children should increase their bone mass to provide additional protection from osteoporosis in the future.

question

Osteocytes are connected to each other through which structure? canaliculi Volksmann's canal Haversian canal lacuna

answer

canaliculi

question

During bone growth, which event is most significant at the surface indicated by the letter B? Calcification of the cartilage matrix leads to its deterioration and replacement by bone. calcification of the cartilage matrix conversion of bone into cartilage cell division of chondrocytes formation of compact bone.

answer

calcification of the cartilage matrix

question

What causes osteoporosis? Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries. heritage such as African or Mediterranean abnormal PTH receptors poor posture

answer

Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.

question

Which of the labeled parts of the bone is composed primarily of compact bone?

answer

E

question

. The structural unit of cancellous bone tissue is called ________. lamellar bone osseous lamellae osteons trabeculae

answer

trabeculae

question

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A medullary cavity forms. The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.

answer

An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.

question

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone? epicondyle foramen ramus meatus fossa

answer

ramus

question

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood? prolactin thyroid hormone somatomedins growth hormone

answer

growth hormone

question

The epiphyseal plate is ________. where yellow bone marrow is produced the long axis of a bone the site of red bone marrow production where long bone lengthening occurs

answer

where long bone lengthening occurs

question

Choose the CORRECT pairing. --> paget's disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption rickets: deficiency of vitamin A osteomalacia: excessive mineralization of the bone osteoporosis: increased bone density

answer

paget's disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

question

Which type of cartilage covers and protects the ends of bones at freely moveable joints? elastic cartilage --> hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage both hyaline and elastic cartilage

answer

hyaline cartilage

question

The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures? SEE A&P Photo articular cartilage a secondary ossification center the epiphyseal plate a primary ossification center

answer

the epiphyseal plate

question

What indicates that a long bone has reached its adult length? the presence of osteons the presence of osteoblasts --> closure of the epiphyseal plate the presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone

answer

closure of the epiphyseal plate

question

Hematopoiesis is a term for which of the following physiological processes? bone formation during growth release of minerals into the blood --> blood cell formation energy storage in fat tissue

answer

blood cell formation

question

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is ________. the thyroid hormones estrogen --> growth hormone testosterone

answer

growth hormone

question

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. elastic tissue blood-forming cells Sharpey's fibers fat

answer

Fat

question

Which of the following is stored in bones? calcitonin glycogen phosphate vitamin C iodine

answer

phosphate

question

The axial skeleton includes the ________. hip bones bones of the arms bones of the legs ribs

answer

ribs

question

.Mrs. Mulligan goes to her dentist and, after having a couple of cavities filled, her dentist strongly suggests that she reduce her intake of sodas and increase her intake of calcium phosphates in the foods she eats. Why? Sodas contain lots of sugar that can dissolve the calcium carbonate in bone and teeth. Sodas are strong acids that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth. Sodas are carbonated, and the increased carbon dioxide can dissolve the calcium carbonate in bone and teeth. Sodas are strong bases that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth. Sodas contain lots of sugar that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth.

answer

Sodas are strong acids that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth.

question

The indicated osteocyte is located within layers of bony matrix termed ______ lamellae canaliculi periosteum lacuna

answer

lamellae

question

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation is produced by secondary ossification centers involves medullary cavity formation takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification

answer

is produced by secondary ossification centers

question

Flat bones consist of compact bone sandwiched between spongy bone. True False

answer

False

question

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. insufficient vitamin D levels in the body hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone reduced parafollicular cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.

answer

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

question

Wolff's law is concerned with ________. the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts vertical growth of bones being dependent on age the function of bone being dependent on shape the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

answer

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

question

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? fibrocartilage --> hyaline cartilage elastic connective tissue dense fibrous connective tissue

answer

hyaline cartilage

question

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? overproduction of thyroid hormone osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity elevated levels of sex hormones

answer

elevated levels of sex hormones

question

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched? linear fracture: the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis incomplete fracture: the bone is broken through compound fracture: the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin nondisplaced fracture: the fractured bone ends are misaligned

answer

compound fracture: the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

question

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located? A B C D E

answer

E

question

What event precedes the step in the bone-forming process shown in the figure? formation of a secondary ossification center ossification within a fibrous membrane formation of the epiphyseal plate calcification of the cartilage matrix

answer

calcification of the cartilage matrix

question

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? compact bone spongy bone trabecular bone irregular bone

answer

compact bone

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