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Broadsheets

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Single sheet announcements imported from England to the colonies

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Public Occurrences

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First colonial newspaper, Boston 1960 (Published by Benjamin Harris) Did not have royal consent and was shut down after first issue.

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James and Benjamin Franklin

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- James Franklin's New England Courant -only newspaper published without authority from government -James in prison for printing " scandalous libels" about the governor -installed Ben (younger brother) as nominal publisher -lasted three years and proved that newspaper could challenge authority -Ben revived Pennsylvania Gazette -demonstrated financial independence could lead to editorial independence

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New England Courant

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-Newspaper, James Franklin. it was a paper of political bravery. it was one of the first to use literary content. 1st independent press -first to publish without authority

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Zenger Trial

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-New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel., -This 1735 trial of a New York newspaper editor for criticising a British-appointed governor. It resulted in a not guilty verdict, since the articles were based on fact, not slander. This acquittal was the first important victory for freedom of the press in the colonies. Andrew Hamilton, a well-known Philadelphia lawyer, represented the defendant at no charge.

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The best defense against libel

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-the truth -See Zenger Trail

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First Amendment

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-1970 Congress made constitution -an amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression -The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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-acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

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Penny press

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-Newspapers that, because of technological innovations in printing, were able to drop their price to one cent, therefore making papers affordable to working and middle classes and enabled newspapers to become a genuine mass medium -New york sun was one of the first-> new york morning herald (correspondent system - telegraph) -New York tribune nonsensationalistic

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Benjamin Day

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-Editor and founder of New York Sun. Paper's focus was on crime, human interest, and sensationalism. He proved that a general non-partisan paper could be sold for a penny.

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New York Sun

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first penny paper printed by Benjamin Day in 1833 that printed local news, scandals, and police reports (Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone)

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Frederick Douglass

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-one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

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Wire services

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-new york associated press, 1848. -take stories from many newspapers and puts them in one paper. Associated press 1900. Reuters 1851 (europe)

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Associated Press

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-because the telegraph system allowed the exchange of national and international news to be shared by different newspapers, and in 1846, newspaper publishers from around the nation gathered to create an organization that would promote cooperative news gathering by wire.

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Yellow journalism

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-Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. -WWII

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Joseph Pulitzer

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-The publisher of the New York World, a large newspaper that used yellow journalism to compete for readers and printed many articles about the Cuban revolution, which inspired many to want to help.

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New York World

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-a newspaper Pulitzer owned and wrote for and it was one of the top selling newspaper and they used yellow journalism

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William Randolph Hearst

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-Wrote for, and owned, the New York Journal. He was Pulitzer's rival, and tried to outdo Pulizter in the use of sensational stories and headlines, also known as yellow journalism.

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Newspaper chains

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-papers in different cities across the country owned by a single company

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Pass-along readership

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-an additional number of people, other than the original readers, who may see a publication -15% daily -77%weeklies -8% semiweeklies -130 million -104 million daily in contact

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Wall Street Journal

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-The oldest and most respected national DAILY founded in 1889 by Charles Dow and Edward Jones; now part of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. media empire -2 million

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USA Today

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-news paper first to emphasis on visual style over substantive news over analysis; use of brief news items, appealing to readers busy schedules and shortened attention span in 1982

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Zoned editions

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-suburban or regional versions of the paper to acctract readers and combat compeition for advertising dollars from the suburban papers

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Alternative press

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-typically weekly, free papers emphasizing events listing, local arts advertising, and "eccentric" personal classified ads—attract young people

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Feature syndicates

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clearinghouses for the work of columnists, cartoonists, and other creative individuals, providing their work to newspapers and other media outlets

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Joint operating agreements

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permits a failing paper to merge most aspects of its business with a successful local competitor as long as their editorial and reporting operations remain separate.

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Firewall

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-eroded by conglomerates -inviolate barrier between newspaper editorials and advertising admissions

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Paywall

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-Charging a fee for online access to news content

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Freemium

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-model offering a free product, and a paid upgrade to specialty stories with additional features

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Soft v. hard news

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-Soft news: sensational stories that do not serve the democratic function of journalism -Hard news: stories that help citizens to make intelligent decisions and keep up with important issues of the day

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Agenda setting

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- dont tell us what to think but what to think about

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Predictors of newspaper readership

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- less than 15% of 18-24 year olds read newspaper -

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This starts Quiz two -Test two.

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YAYAYAYAYYAYAYAYAYYAYAYAYAY!!!! :)))))

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How Television changed radio

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-changed the look of concerts(now a multi media event) with few artists on the road -radio-recording relationship has changed more reliant on tv appearances of videos to get music out there

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Guglielmo Marconi

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-Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937) -sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901.

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Lee DeForest

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-Created the audion tube which amplified weak radio signals. This invention made modern electronics possible. 1907

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Thomas Edison

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-American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. -invented the phonograph

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Emile Berliner

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-inventor of process for mass production of recorded music -Invented Gramaphone, sound recorded on discs.

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David Sarnoff

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-United States businessman who pioneered in radio and television broadcasting (1891-1971) -pioneer who developed NBC. Had a vision of a "radio music box" for home use that might also pick up the news. Head of RCA. -Relayed Messages to families from transmissions when the Titanic Sunk; 1912

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"Radio Music Box Memo"

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-David Sarnoff's 1915 plan, outlining how radio could be used as a popular mass medium. -marconi executives who thought it was a hairbrained scheme

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RCA

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-radio corporation of america, Radio Corporation of America- 1919. Private American monopoly is negotiated in secret. RCA takes over all navy-controlled stations. Received control of all significant radio patents.

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KDKA

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-The first commercial radio station set up by Frank Conrad; Pittsburgh -an engineer for Westinghouse Electric, who began to broadcast baseball scores and music over his radio garage;1920 -slight amount of advertising spurred large growth in sales -1922, 500 American radio stations existed.

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Radio Act of 1912

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Passed by Congress in 1912, this act gave the secretary of commerce the right to issue licenses to parties interested in radio broadcasting, and to decide which radio frequencies should be used for which types of services (i.e., public broadcast, military use, police use, etc.)

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Radio Act of 1927

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regulated the technical aspects of broadcasting and the programming, licensing and renewal of licenses; established the Federal Radio Commission; and originated the rule on which all regulation is still based: Broadcasters must operate in the "public interest, convenience and necessity" (PICON Rule) at all times. Based on the belief that the airwaves belong to the public and that broadcasters who are allowed to use them should operate in the public interest.

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trustee model

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-it is the responsibility of news outlets to tell the public what they need to know -it is the responsibility of news outlets to tell the public what they need to know

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Spectrum scarcity

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-broadcast spectrum space is limited, so not everyone who wants to broadcast can; those who are granted licenses must accept regulation

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Advertising and Radio

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-Until 1922, broadcasting made money by selling radios. -August 27th, 1922, WEAF broadcasts the first radio commercial.

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Affiliates

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-Local television stations that carry the programming of a national network

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Owned and operated stations

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-broadcast stations possessed by and run by the network; they usually carry everything the network provides

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NBC

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National Broadcast Corporation-1926, created through cooperation between RCA, Westinghouse and GE.

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CBS

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-Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Sunday September 18, 1927 CBS made its first Network Broadcast. -Columbia Broadcasting Comapany- competiton to RCA in radio, broadcasted in NY on TV

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ABC

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-what was created when the government forced RCA to sell off one of its networks

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Am & FM

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-1906: AM (Amplitude Modulation) ; 1935: FM (Frequency Modulation) -amplitude modulation; type of radio transmission that stresses the volume/height of radio waves./ Frequency modulation; type of radio transmission that offers static-less reception and greater fidelity & clarity by accentuating the pitch or distance between radio waves.

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FCC

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-an independent governmeent agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite

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Qualities of radio as local, fragmented, specialized, personal, mobile

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Local: costs less on radio - advertisers can afford it easier Fragmented: # of stations in an area depends on number of people and proximity Specialized: format radio - with secondary service times for other genres Personal: listen to it alone with our own activities Mobile: anywhere/ anytime

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format radio

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-Developed by Todd Storz, under this system management rather than deejays controlled programming each hour, generally the most popular songs of the time.

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Alan Freed and Rock-n-Roll

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-he was a Cleveland DJ who recognized that teens wanted to hear R&B; had to change the name to Rock 'n' Roll, -First white DJ to play R&B and call it Rock 'n' Roll

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deregulation

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-the act of freeing from regulation (especially from governmental regulations)

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major recording companies

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-Four total 1)Sony 2)New York-based Warner Group 3)Universal Music Group 4)EMI records Record industry sales have dropped, fear cultural homogenization, dominance of profit over artistry, catalogue albums

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bitcasters

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-web-only radio stations, either fee-based commercial operations offering multiple channels of music or narrowly targeted bitcasts

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digital recording

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-a recording technique in which sound is broken down electronically into a numerical code

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piracy

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-The unauthorized reproduction or use of a copyrighted media product illegally.

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Starts Next quiz: Thomas Edison

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-built first motion picture studio near his lab -called Black Maria(police paddy wagon) -films run through a kinetoscope (peep show device) -also invented the phonograph -marked the beginning of the commercial motion picture exhibition

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Lumiere Brothers

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-invented apparatus that could serve as a camera projector and film printer -Cinematographe -increase in the # of people who could view the film -Edison recognized the advantage and got a patent from Armat -> Edison Vitascope

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Edwin Porter

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-Edison company camera operator -used camera placement and editing -The Great Train Robbery - 1st movie with editing -used montage & nickelodeons came -lead to factory studios

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D.W. Griffith

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-carried the motion picture into the new era with his silent epics -The Birth of a Nation (ab african americans and supported KKK) 6 weeks 3 hrs 125,000$ (NAACP protested against it) -Also directed intolerance and Broken Blossoms -introduced elaborate productions to filmmaking- little details that most people don't realize -used dramatic costume lighting and camera angles to transmit emotion

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Fatty Arbuckle

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-earliest silent film comedians,first comedian to direct own movies. -his 'fatness' as part of his sight gags, slightly-vulgar -downfall in the early 1920s, accused of the rape/murder of starlet Virginia Rappe -first problem was hushed up after $100,000 gift was made -second went to trial 3 times and was let off but had a bad rep afterwards.

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Will Hays

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ran the "Hays Office" that cleaned up movies (ex: no sexual connotations allowed, no God's name in vain, no men & women in bed together unless the man had one foot on the floor, etc.)

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"Production Code"

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-The motion picture production code Originally the Hayes Code: the industry imposed rules that controlled the content of movies from the 30' until the movie ratings system we use today came into use in '68. -Sensored all vulgar things about movies

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MPAA

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Motion Picture Association of America is a trade organization that represents the major film studios -in response to hollywood scandals in the 1920's -appointed Hays as the person to make the code

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Montage

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-tying together two separate but related shots in such a way that they take on a new, unified meaning -done by Edwin S. Porter in The Great Train Robbery

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Film Industry tiers

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-production- 600 a year in U.S. (switch to digital film making) -exhibition- # of theaters / concession sales -distribution "PED" ( could be the level of programming that the viewer subscribes to)

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Paramount Case

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-1948 -destroyed studios hold over movie making -vertical integration was ruled illegal -block booking was rules illegal (practice of requiring exhibitors to rent groups of movies to secure a better one?? -forced to sell of their exhibition businesses 75% before to none -other filmmakers now had access to theaters and paramount no longer had guaranteed exhibition

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TV Ratings

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-Nielsen 37,000 representative households -recored with a peoplemeter what the people were watching and sent info by telephone lines -Total Audience Measurements -conducts four times a year - sweeps periods

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Sweeps

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The survey of TV viewing habits in markets across the United States, as performed by A.C. Nielsen four times per year - during the months of February, May, August, and November; competition among TV programmers is especially keen during these periods. -becoming obsolete -competition with cable -peoplemeter gives data all year and makes sweeps unnecessary

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Ratings

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-according to Nielson: Number of people who watch, and the amount of time spent watching, also the total audience measurement Index -C3 ratings : official currency of buying and selling ads -ratings show percentage of households who are viewers Ratings = households tuned into a given program / all households w TV Share = households tuned in to a given program / all households tuned in to TV at the time

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Shares

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-reflection of shows competitive performance -measures a program audience as a percentage of the television sets in use at the time it airs

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Syndication

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the process of making a specified number of program episodes available for "lease" to other networks or individual broadcast stations, after the current network's contract for the program expires -the sale of their programs to stations on a market - by - market basis

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Affiliates and O&Os

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...

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Newton Minow

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-Appointed head of Fed. Communication Commission by Kennedy -Referred to television programming as a "vast wasteland" and advocated for programming in the public interest.

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Joe McCarthy

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-McCarthyism -Red scare -Senator from Wisconsin known for his hearings on suspected communists in the government and movie industry. Known for his brutal interrogations of suspects, resulting in ruining the lives of both guilty and innocent people. -Red channels: the agents of communist influence in radio and television -Red sympathizers: looked into people's backgrounds -ratings up 50 % and showed him a fraud and showed influence of TV in democracy and freedom .

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Nonlinear TV

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Watching TV on our own schedules, not schedule of cable/broadcast programmer

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Lucille Ball

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American comedienne, film, television, stage and radio actress, model, film and television executive, and star of the sitcom I Love Lucy. -worked with syndications : the price of a syndicated package program depends on the market -can be played by station until contract is up and then the producer can contract the program again and again

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Cable TV

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1948 to rural areas (antennas=poor reception), approx 16 mill households had cable by the end of 1970s -done by john walson- coaxial cable -signal booster with MATV -wires with a variety of programming

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Quiz show scandals

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1950s quiz shows were a staple. late 50s revealed quiz shows were mostly rigged. advertisers would rigg quiz shows to keep popular ppl on and keep audiences tuned in. 1959 fraud was revealed, but during their run quiz shows had earned millions of $ for advertisers like Geritol, Revlon, and Bristol Mejers and had desired outcomes set -then transitioned to networks not selling spots but putting the production of the networks in charge and not individual producers -Spot commercial sells - selling spots to a variety of advertisers

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