Management Information Systems Exam 1 terms Study Guide – Flashcards
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data
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raw facts
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information
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collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves
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What is the value of information?
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its directly linked to how it helps deciison makers achieve their organization's goals
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What is an Information System?
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A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective (THIS PROCESS COULD BE MANUAL OR COMPUTERIZED)
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hardware
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computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities
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software
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computer programs that govern the operation of the computer
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database
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an organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or more related data files
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telecommunications
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the electronic transmission of signals for communications which enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks
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people
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the most important element in most CBIS; includes people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system
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procedures
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includes the strategies, policies, methods and rules for using the CBIS; procedures for operations, maintenance, security
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What is systems development?
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The activity of creating new business systems or modifying existing business systems using internal or external resources
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What are the 5 Systems Development Stages?
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Investigation, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Maintenance & review IADIM
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Organization
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a formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of goals
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value chain
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a series of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse & storage, production, finished product storage, outboun logistics, marketing & sales, and customer service
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organizational culture
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major understandings and assumptions of a business or other organization
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organizational change
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how organizations plan for, implement, and handle change
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technology diffusion
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a measure of how widely technology is spread throughout an organization
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technology infusion
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is the exten to which technology permeates an area or department
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technology acceptance model TAM
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specifies the factors that can lead to higher acceptance and usage of technology in an organization
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competitive advantage
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a significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition
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Factors that lead firms to seek competitive advantage
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rivalry among existing competitors, threats of new entrants, threat of substitute produts and services, bargaining power of customers, bargaining power of suppliers (cost efficiency is generally not a motive for seeking competitive advantage)
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three stages in the use of "IS"
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cost reduction and productivity, competitive advantage, and performance based management
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Performance is used to evaluate the contributions (value & cost) of the IS (six phases)
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Productivity= (Output/Input) * 100 OI Return on Investment (ROI) Earnings growth Market Share Customer Awareness and satisfaction Total Cost of Ownership
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Roles, Functions, and careers in "IS"
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Executive management, Operationss, Systems Development, Support
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A computer is a device that
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Accepts input, Processes data, Stores data,Produces output
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A computer system includes
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Hardware—the physical components Software—the programs or lists of instructions
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Architecture or configuration means
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is the design of the computer (what the computer consists of)
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Specification
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is the technical detail about each component (how fast is the printer)
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Types of computers
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Hand-held Portable (Laptop, Notebook, Tablet) Thin Client Desktop Workstation Servers Mainframes Supercomputers
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Input devices
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Keyboard Mouse Other Pointing Devices Wireless pointer Touch pad Track ball Microphone Digital Camera Scanner Touch sensitive screens Bar-Code Scanners Optical Data Readers Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices
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Hardware (types)
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Input devices Output devices Processing hardware Storage devices
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Hardware (output)
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Monitors Printers Plotters Speakers
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Monitors
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Screen Size Resolution Dot Pitch
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Printers
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Laser Ink-jet Dot Matrix
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Eight bits is a byte. Each byte represents a unique character. How many are there?
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Kilobyte (KB) is about one thousand bytes Megabyte (MB) is about one million bytes Gigabyte (GB) is about one billion bytes Terabyte (TB) is about one trillion bytes
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What are the two most important components of personal computer hardware?
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Microprocessor (CPU) and the memory *both directly affect the price and performance
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What is the microprocessor or CPU
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is an integrated circuit or chip on the main circuit board inside the computer. It is made up of: Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Control unit Its speed is determined by: Clock Speed/Machine cycle Word size or Wordlength Physical characteristics (distance and resistance
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Ram
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Random Access Memory) is temporary memory that is constantly changing while the computer is on.
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Rom
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Read-Only Memory) is the permanent storage location for a set of instructions the computer uses.
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Types of processing
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Multicore microprocessor - combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so they can share the workload Parallel processing - A form of multiprocessing that speeds processing by linking several processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel. Grid computing - use a collection of computers often owned by multiple organizations, to work in a coordinated manner
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Storage Access Methods
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Sequential Access - The retrieval method in which data must be accessed in the order in which it is stored. (tape drives) Direct Access - The retrieval method in which data can be retrieved without the need to read and discard other data.
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SAN (Storage Area Networks)
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The technology that provides high-speed connections between data-storage devices and computers over a network
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RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
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A method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data, allowing the system to create a "reconstruction map" so that if a hard drive fails, the system can rebuild lost data.
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What is software?
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is the instructions and data that direct the computer to accomplish the task. It can refer to a single program or a package
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System software
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helps the computer carry out it s basic operating tasks.
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Application software
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helps the user carry out a variety of tasks.
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Systems Software Operating Systems
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Perform common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface Manage system memory Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files
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Application software examples
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Personal Productivity Applications Workgroup Applications Enterprise Applications
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Database Heirarchy from biggest to smallest
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Database, files, records, fields, character
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Data Modeling Key Considerations
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Content - What data should be collected, and at what cost? Access - What data should be provided to which users and when? Logical structure - How should data be arranged so it makes sense to a given user? Physical organization - Where should data be physically located?
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Manipulating Data
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Selecting - data manipulation that eliminates rows according to certain criteria Projecting - data manipulation that eliminates columns in a table Joining - data manipulation that combines two or more tables
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Database Management Systems
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A group of programs that manipulate the database and provide an interface between the database and its users and other application programs.
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What is a DBA (database administration)
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the role of the database administrator (DBA) is to plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain databases Selecting a DBMS Size Cost Number of Users Performance Integration Vendor
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Data Warehouse
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a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company's processes, products, and customers.
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Data Mart
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a subset of a data warehouse
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Data Mining
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an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse. Bottom-up approach
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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
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the software that allows users to explore data from a number of different perspectives. Top-down approach.
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Business Intelligience
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Gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations
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Competitive intelligience
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a continuous process involving the legal and ethical collection of information about competitors, its analysis, and controlled dissemination of information to decision makers
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Counterintelligience
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the steps an organization takes to protect information sought by "hostile" intelligence gatherers
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Knowledge Management
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the process of capturing a company's collective expertise wherever it resides, and distributing it wherever it can help produce the biggest payoff
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Character Level Formats
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Font Font size (point size) Font color Bold Italicize Underline Strikethrough Superscript/ subscript
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Paragraph Level Format
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Alignment Indentations Left, Double, First, or hanging indent Tabs Line Spacing
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Document level formats
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Margins, paper size, paper orientation, vertical alignment
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Field (equals what?)
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describes the entity; an attribute or characteristic of the entity (equals column)
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Record (equals what?)
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description of each entity; set of related field values (equals row)
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Table
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collection of fields and group of related records
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Database
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collection of related tables and other objects
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What are two parts of a table?
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1) Structure 2) Data
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Primary Key
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in the main table field value must be unique field value is required
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Foreign Key
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in the related table field value is not necessarily unique field value is required
