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means translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision making process.

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evidence based management

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includes three viewpoints-classical, behavioral, and quantitative

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historical perspective

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also includes three viewpoints-systems, contingency, and quality management

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contemporary perspective

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under historical perspective emphasizes finding ways to manage work more efficiently, had two branches-scientific and administrative

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classical viewpoint

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under classical viewpoint emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers.

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scientific management

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Taylor coined this term, it is deliberately working at less than full capacity.

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soldiering

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known as the father of scientific management, was an American engineer from Philadelphia who believed that managers could eliminate soldiering by applying four principles of science. Based his system on motion studies

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taylor

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Under classical viewpoint is concerned with managing the total organization; among the pioneering theorists were Henri Fayol and Max Weber.

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administrative management

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was the first to identify the major functions of management-planning, organizing, leading and controlling, as well as coordinating.

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Fayol

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To Max Weber this was a rational, efficient ideal organization based on principles of logic.

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bureaucracy

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A flaw in this viewpoint is that it is mechanistic: It tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs.

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classical viewpoint

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The essence of this viewpoint was that work activity was amenable to a rational approach, that through the application of scientific methods, time and motion studies, and job specialization it was possible to boost productivity.

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classical viewpoint

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emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and of motivating employees toward achievement.

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behavioral viewpoint

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The three people who pioneered behavioral theory were

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Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Elton Mayo

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Called the father of industrial psychology, his ideas led to the field of industrial psychology, the study of human behavior in workplaces, which is still taught in colleges today.

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Hugo Munsterberg

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She anticipated some of today's concepts of "self-managed teams," "worker empowerment," and "interdepartmental teams"- that is, members of different departments working together on joint projects.

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Mary Parker Follett

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namely, that employees worked harder if they received added attention, if they though that managers cared about their welfare and that supervisors paid special attention to them.

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Hawthorne effect

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Were faulted for being poorly designed and not having enough empirical data to support the conclusions. Nevertheless, they succeeded in drawing attention to the importance of "social man" (social beings) and how managers using good human relations could improve worker productivity. This in turn led to the so-called human relations movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

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hawthorne effect

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proposed that better human relations could increase worker productivity.

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human relations movement

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The two theorists who contributed most to the human relations movement were

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Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor

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Theorized by Douglas McGregor it represents a pessimistic, negative view of worker. In this view, workers are considered to be irresponsible, to be resistant to change, to lack ambition, to hate work, and to want to be led rather than to lead.

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Theory X

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Theorized by Douglas McGregor represents the outlook of human relations proponents- an optimistic, positive view of workers. In this view, workers are considered to be capable of accepting responsibility, self-direction, and self-control and of being imaginative and creative.

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Theory Y

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Most recently, the human relations view has been superseded by this approach to management.

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behavioral science

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relies on scientific research for developing theories about human behavior that can be used to provide practical tools for managers. Include disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics.

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behavioral science

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Operations research has evolved into this, the application to management of quantitative techniques, such as statistics and computer simulations. Two branches of this are management science and operations management.

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quantitative management

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focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making. Stresses the use of rational, science-based techniques and mathematical models to improve decision making and strategic planning.

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management science

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Focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization's products or services more effectively. Through the rational management of resources and distribution of goods and services, helps ensure that business operations are efficient and effective.

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operations management

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is a set of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose.

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system

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regards the organization as a system of interrelated parts. By adopting this point of view, you can look at your organization both as (1) a collection of subsystems and (2) a part of the larger environment.

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systems viewpoint

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parts making up the whole system

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subsystems

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are the people, money, information, equipment, and materials required to produce an organization's goods or services. Whatever goes into a system is this.

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input

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are the products, services, profits, losses, employee satisfaction or discontent, and the like that are produced by the organization. Whatever comes out of the system is this.

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output

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are the organization's capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting inputs into outputs. This is the main activity of the organization.

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Transformation processes

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is information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs that affects the inputs.

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feedback

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continually interacts with its environment.

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open system

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has little interaction with its environment.

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closed system

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emphasizes that a manger's approach should vary according to-that is, be contingent on- the individual and the environmental situation.

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contingency viewpoint

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A manager subscribing to this approach might try to get workers to be more productive by simplifying the steps.

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Gilbreth

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Cofounder of the Management Innovation Lab. He believes "Over time every great invention, management included, travels a road that leads from birth to maturity, and occasionally to senescence."

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gary hamel

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Viewpoint would seem to be the most practical of the viewpoints because it addresses problems on a case-by-case basis and varies the solution accordingly.

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contingency viewpoint

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includes quality control, quality assurance, and total quality management, deserves to be considered because of the impact of this kind of thinking on contemporary management perspectives.

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quality-management viewpoint

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refers to the total ability of a product or service to meet customer needs.

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quality

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is defined as the strategy for minimizing errors by managing each stage of production

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quality control

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focuses on the performance of workers, urging employees to strive for "zero defects."

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quality assurance

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believed that quality stemmed from "constancy of purpose"-steady focus on an organization's mission-along with statistical measurement and reduction of variations in production processes. He also emphasized the human side, saying that mangers should stress teamwork, try to be helpful rather than simply give orders, and make employes feel comfortable about asking questions. Also prosed the 85-15 rule

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Edwards Deming

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defined quality as "fitness for use." By this he meant that a product or service should satisfy a customer's real needs. Thus, the best way to focus a company's efforts, was to concentrate on the real needs of customers.

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Joseph Juran

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is a comprehensive approach-led by top management and supported throughout the organization-dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction.

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Total Quality Management(TQM)

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These are the four components of this 1) Make continuous improvement a priority 2) Get every employee involved 3) Listen to and learn from customers and employees 4) Use accurate standards to identify and eliminate problems.

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Total Quality Management

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viewpoint emphasizes infusing concepts of quality throughout the total organization in a way that will deliver quality products and services to customer.

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total quality management

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coined the term learning organizations, which are places "where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together."

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Peter Senge

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is an organization that actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge.

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learning organization

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an organization whose members are geographically apart, usually working with e-mail, collaborative computing, and other computer connections, while often appearing to customers and others to be a single, unified organization with a real physical location.

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virtual organization

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is a fluid, highly adaptive organization whose members, linked by information technology, come together to collaborate on common tasks; the collaborators may include competitors, suppliers, and customers.

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boundaryless organization

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is someone whose occupation is principally concerned with generating or interpreting information, as opposed to manual labor.

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knowledge worker

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is the economic or productive potential of employee knowledge, experience, and actions.

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human capital

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is the economic or productive potential of strong, trusting, and cooperative relationships.

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social capital

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