Major Field Test – Flashcards
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E.L. Thorndike
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law of effect
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Kurt Lewin
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theory of association
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Ivan Pavlov
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classical conditioning
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John B. Watson
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founded school of behaviorism
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B.F. Skinner
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operant conditioning
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Albert Bandura
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modeling through Bobo doll
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Wilhelm Wundth
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founder of psychology
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William James
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father of experimental psychology
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Sigmund Freud
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id, ego, superego, unconscious motivations, psychoanalysis
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Alfred Adler
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individual psychology, superiority vs. inferiority
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Carl Jung
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collective unconscious, archetypes
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Jean Piaget
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developmental psychology
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Carl Rogers
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client-centered therapy, humanistic, unconditional positive regard
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Abraham Maslow
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leader of humanistic psychology, hierarchy of needs
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Erik Erikson
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identity crisis, 8 stages of psychological development
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Victor Frankl
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existential psychology
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Julian Rotter
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locus of control
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Anna Freud
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applied Freud's ideas to child psychology
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Mary Ainsworth
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attachment syles
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Kohlberg
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moral development
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Stanley Milgram
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teacher shocking the learner
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Solomon Asch
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conforming to the wrong opinion tests
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classical conditioning
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pairing a neutral stimulus with a not-so-neutral stimulus
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neutral stimulus
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the bell
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unconditionined stimulus
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the food
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operant conditioning
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rewards and punishments
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negative reinforcement
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not punishment but the removal of a stimulus
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fixed ratio schedule
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reinforcement given after a consistent number of responses
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variable ratio schedule
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reinforcements given after carious numbers of correct responses
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fixed interval schedule
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rewards come after a certain period of time
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variable interval schedule
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rewards are delivered after differing time periods
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modeling
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learning and behaving by imitating others
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habituation
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decreased responsiveness to a stimulus with familiarity
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social learning theory
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individuals learn through their culture
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phonemes
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discrete sounds that make up words but carry no meaning
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morphemes
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smallest units of meaning in language
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phrase
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group of words that when put together function as a single synthatic part
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syntax
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arrangement of words into sentences
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grammar
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rules of the interrelationship between morphemes and syntax
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morphology
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grammer rules
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prosody
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pronunciations that carry meaning
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episodic memory
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details, events, and discrete knowledge
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semantic memory
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general knowledge of the world
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procedural memory
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knowing how to do something
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declarative memory
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knowing facts
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explicit memory
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being aware of knowing something
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implicit memory
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being unaware of knowing something
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Karl Lashley
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found memories are stored diffusely in the brain
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paired-associate learning
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pairing in order to learn
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free-recall learning
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a list of items is learned, and then must be recalled in any order with no clue
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clustering
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grouping together similar items in memory whether learned together or not
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schema
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organized bunch of knowledge gathered from prior experiences that includes ideas about specific events or objects and the attributes that accompany them
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convergent thinking
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used to find the one solution to a problem
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divergent thinking
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used when multiple possibilities exist
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metacognition
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process of thinking about your own thinking
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mediation
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intervening mental process that occurs between stimulus and response
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deductive reasoning
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leads to a specific conclusion that must follow from the information given
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inductive reasoning
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leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics
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confirmation bias
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remembering and using information that confirms what you already think
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receptor cells
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responsible for for sensory information sent to the brain
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rods
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sense black and white
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cones
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sense colors
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optic nerve
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connects eye to the brain
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Big Five
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Openness to experienc Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
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internal locus of control
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causes a person to view events as the outcome of her own actions
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external locus of control
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causes a person to view events as the result of luck or fate
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self-efficacy
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person's belief that they can effectively perform a certain task
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self-esteem
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knowing you are worthy and are in touch with your strengths
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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made of brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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pathway that runs to and from the CNS
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Afferent fibers
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go to CNS
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Efferent fibers
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go away from CNS
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2 partsof the PNS
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somatic and automatic
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Somatic nervous system
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interacts with the external environment by controlling voluntary movements of striated muscles
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Autonomic nervous system
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interacts with internal environment and is responsible for fight or flight
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2 parts of the ANS
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Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system
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arousal mechanisms; things that show a "rush"
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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recuperation after arousal
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thalamus
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channels sensory information to the cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus
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controls ANS biological motivations such as hunger and thirst
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Pituitary glad
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the "master gland" of the endocrine/hormone system
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hippocampus
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involved in memory specifically transferring short term to long term
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amygdala
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controls emotional reactions such as fear and anger
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cerebral cortex
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outer half inch of the brain
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frontal lobe
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speech, reasoning, problem solving
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occipital lobe
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vision
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parietal lobe
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somatosensory system
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temporal lobe
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hearing
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meninges
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connective tissues that cover and protect brain and spinal cord
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apraxia
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inability to organize movement
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agnosia
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difficulty processing sensory information
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aphasia
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language disorder
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alexia
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inability to read
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agraphia
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inability to write
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Broca's aphasia
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understanding speech but has difficulty speaking
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Wernicke's aphasia
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can speak but has difficulty choosing words
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hyperphasia
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overeating with no satiation of hunger
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dendrites
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neuron branches receiving impluses
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soma
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cell body of the neuron
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axon
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transmits impulses
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myelin
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fatty, insulation to allow faster conduction of axon impulses
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synapse
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space between two neurons
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terminal buttons
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jumping off points for impulses
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acetylcholine
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causes contraction of skeletal muscles
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endorphins
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linked to pleasure
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lack of serotonin
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related to depression
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too little dopamine
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related to Parkinsons
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too much dopamine
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related to schizophrenia
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androgens
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male
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estrogen
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female
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Stage 0 sleep
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prelude to skeep
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Stage 1 sleep
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eyes begin to roll; beginning of theta waves
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Stage 2 sleep
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theta waves
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Stage 3 sleep
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delta waves
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Stage 4 sleep
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deepest level of sleep
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REM
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20% of sleep, comes in cycles
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id
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unconscious biological drives
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ego
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mediates between id and superego
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superego
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imposes learned or socialized drives
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transference
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how patient feels about therapist
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countertransference
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how therapist feels about patient
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projection
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accusing others of having one's own unacceptable feelings
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displacement
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shifting unacceptable feelings or actions to a less threatening recipient
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compensation
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excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another
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Adler's choleric
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high in activity and low in social contribution
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Adler's phlegmatic
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low in activity and high in social contribution
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Adler's melancholic
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low in activity and social contribution
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Adler's sanguine
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high in activity and social contribution
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persona
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a person's outer mask
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anima
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female elements that a male possesses
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animus
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male elements that a female possesses
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flooding
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repeatedly exposed to anxiety producing stimulus to lessen anxiety with overexposure
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dichotomous thinking
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everything is black or white
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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most common antidepressants due to least side effects
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hierarchy of needs
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self-actualization esteem belonging safety physiological
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mental retardation
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IQ of 70 or below
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schizophrenia
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delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speed and behavior
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bipolar disorder
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depressive symptoms alternating with manic symptoms
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panic disorder
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recurrent panic attacks and anxiety about another attack
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agoraphobia
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fear of a situations where panic symptoms may appear, often leads to reclusiveness
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obsessions
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persistent thoughts
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compulsions
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repetitive behaviors of mental acts
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bulimia nervousa
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binge eating followed by harmful "diet" behavior
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anorexia nervosa
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refusing to eat
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Piaget's cognitive development stages
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sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
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sensorimotor
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0-2; through senses
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preoperational
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2-7; egocentric
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concrete operational
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7-12; development of conservation and concrete relationships
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formal operational
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12+; understanding abstract entities like logic and ratios
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Freud's stages
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oral anal phallic latency genital
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oral
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0-18 months
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anal
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18 months-3
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phallic
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3-6
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latency
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adolescense
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genital
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adulthood
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Erikson birth-18 months
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trust vs mistrust
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Erikson 18 months-3
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autonomy vs shame
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Erikson 3-6
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initiative vs guilt
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Erikson 6-puberty
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industry vs inferiority
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Erikson teen years
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identity vs role confusion
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Erikson young adult
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intimacy vs isolation
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Erikson middle adult
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productivity vs stagnation
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Erikson old adult
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integrity vs despair
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authoritative parent
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high care, high discipline
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authoritarian parent
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high rules, less care
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permissive parent
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high care, low discipline
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neglecting parent
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low care, low discipline
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hindsight bias
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believing afterwards that you knew something all along
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cognitive dissonance theory
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the discomfort experienced when beliefs do not match the actions
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social exchange theory
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humans act to minimize risk and maximize rewards
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social facilitation
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tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder performance
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bystander effect
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why people are less likely to help when others are present
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social loafing
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tendency to work less hard in a group due to diffusion of responsibility
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group polarization
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group discussion generally serve to strengthen the already dominant point of view
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groupthink
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likely to occur in a group with unquestioned beliefs
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ingroup/outgroup bias
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when individuals in one group think their members have more positive qualities and fewer negative qualities than members of another group with the same qualities
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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how doing a small favor makes people more willing to do larger ones later
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first intellegence test
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Binet scale
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mean IQ of Americans
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100
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independent variable
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impacts the dependent variable
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dependent variable
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researcher does not control the dependent variable but observes how the independent variable influences it
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random sampling
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every member of the population has the opportunity to be chosen
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convenience sampling
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using what is available to you
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stratified sampling
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aims to match the demographics of the sample to that of the population
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ordinal values
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order
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interval values
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order and equal intervals
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ratio values
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order, equal intervals, and an absolute zero
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z-scores
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refer to how many standard deviations a score is from the mean
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Pearson r correlation coefficient
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shows the correlation, -1 to 1
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t-tests
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compare the means of two different groups to see if the two groups are truly different
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internal validity
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test the same thing
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external validty
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measures what is intended to measure
