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Freud

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Father of psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalysis

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goal is to bring unconscious material to consciousness

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Conscious mind

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three levels of consciousness; aware of everything occuring in present

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Preconscious mind

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three levels of consciousness; contains forgotten memories, knowledge, and information that can be recalled with assistance or cues

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Unconscious mind

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three levels of consciousness; contains memories, instincts, and drives that are well beyond individual awareness. We act on them w/o recognizing them.

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Catharsis

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curative effect of talking about problems and emotions.

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Free association

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speaking without thinking. Decreases client's self-censorship and brings them closer to expressing the unconscious

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Manifest content

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dream itself or symbols in dream

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Latent content

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symbolism in dreams

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psychodynamic

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more modern; performed face to face

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Analytic Psychology

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Carl Jung, broke away from Freud. PRIMARY MOTIVATION= wholeness and unity

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Personal unconscious

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information and memories UNIQUE to the individual that was now buried or repressed. Become aware of personal unconscious through dreams. Present at birth

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Collective unconscious

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shared by all human-kind. Filled with archetypes. Houses a repetoire of human thought and behavior that we have inherited over time.

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archetypes

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symbols in unconscious that mean the same thing to all people regardless of what time we're living in. Derived from art, religion, mythology

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self

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archetype; encompassing the entire psyche

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persona

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archetype; personal/psychological mask that all humans wear; hides deep feelings

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shadow

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archetype; repressed or unknown aspects of the self. What we are hiding behind our masks. Self-characteristics that an individual does not want to aknowledge or accept. THE OPPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF THAT WE PROJECT TO OTHERS

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Anima

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archetype; feminine side of personality in men

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Animus

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masculine side of personality in women.

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Explication

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Jungian dream analysis; help clients determine the reason why certain objects appear in dreams

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Amplication

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Jungian dream analysis; analyst compare images in dreams to archetypal images from collective unconscious to determine meaning behind the dream

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Active imagination

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Jungian dream analysis; requires clients to actively talk to the images in their dreams-ask questions of the objects in their dreams

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individuation

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trying to reach full potential as a human. DRIVING FORCE

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MBTI

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Introversion-Extroversion Sensing-Intuition Thinking-Feeling Judging-Perceiving

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Johari window

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public self, blind self, unknown self, private self

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Individual Psychology

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Adler; believed that primary motivation was to strive for growth and superiority; goal of therapy was to examine client's lifestyles, cognitive fictions, complexes, and family constellations

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lifestyle

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established by age 5, result of early family experiences and interactions

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cognitive fictions

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individuals' beliefs about themsleves/others that are false

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complexes

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all individuals have propensity to feel inferior to others.

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family constellation

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first borns-leaders of the family, feel inferor after being "dethroned"; second-strive to differentiate from first-borns, may become competitive with them; middle-feel left out, youngest-can be pampered and spoiled; only-spoiled and palce din center of attention and have a hard time adjusting to not getting their way

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lifestyle analysis

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entails interviews with clients about early memories; their perception of their family relationships and family dynamics, their experiencing in school and their beliefs about themselves

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encouragement

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therapist conveys his/her belief that the client can make important lifestyle changes

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acting "as if"

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therapist encourages client to beging acting "as if" they were already the person they want to be

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asking the question

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"How would your life be different if..?

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"Spitting in the client's soup"

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therapist emphaizes the client's negative behavior so that they are aware of it and decrease the likelihood of it continuing

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catching oneself

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therapist teaches client to become aware of when they are engaging in negative behaviors so they can take responsibility for change

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pushbutton technique

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a way of teaching the client that they can choose change. When they catch themselves engaging in negative behavior, they can "push the positive button" and change to more positive behaviors

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Ego psychology

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Heinz Hartmann, Anna Freud, Edith Jacobsen, Margaret Mahler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm; believed that the ego can function independently from id and superego; focus is all on the ego.

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Escape from Freedom

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Erich Fromm; man is the only animal with capacity to be lonely or isolated; due to the freedom man enjoys; unhealthy way is to escape from freedome (escape from loneliness); through sub to powerful authority, destructiveness of social agents; conformity

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Fromm's 8 basic needs

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relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, excitation and stimulation, unity, effectiveness

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Interpersonal Psychoanalysis

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Harry Stack Sullivan; believed that mental disorders stem from dysfunctional patterns of interpersonal interactions; theorized about tension and euphoria. Euphoria is the absence of tension

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Object Relations

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W.R.D. Fairbairn, Otto Kernberg, Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler, and D.W. Winnicott; believed that personality is developed through early parent-child interactions. The "objects" in the theory are people or things that meet a child's needs.

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Self-Psychology

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Heinz Kohut; believed that psychological disorders result from unmet developmental needs--therapist becomes parents

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Personal Construct Psychology

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George Kelly; a person's processes are psychologically determined by the ways in which he anticipates events. 11 corollaries (construction, experience, dichotomy, organization, range, modulation, choice, individuality, commonality, fragmentation, sociality)

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Trait Theory

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Gordon Allport; three levels of traits--cardinal, central, secondary

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Factor Analysis

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Raymond Cattell; source, surface, unique traits

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Cognitive-behavioral modification

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Donald Meichenbaum; believes that faulty self-statments (internal cognitions/self talk) lead to negative emotions and maladaptive behavior

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cognitive restructuring

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targets clients' self-statements that lead to negative thoughts/behaviors and replaces them with new ones that are more rational, logical, and positive.

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self-instructional training

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clinician demonstrates appropriate behavior, revealing own self-talk out lous for steps he/she is taking or reasons for choosing that behavior. The client practices app. behavior, revealing own self-talk out lous

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stress inoculation training

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helps clients deal with stress by identifiyinf their environmental stressors and internal reactions to stress, and then practice using cognitive restructuring and relaxation training to inoculate against future stress.

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rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

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Albert Ellis; taught clients to think their way out of an emotional disturbance

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ABCDE's of REBT

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Activating event, Belief systems, Emotional conseuqneces, disputing negative beliefs, effective new beliefs

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Musterbation

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tyranny of "musts" and "shoulds," "LIFE MUST BE FAIR," "I MUST BE PERFECT" "I MUST BE LOVED" "MY DYSFUNCTIONAL PAST MUST HAVE IN IMPACT ON MY PRESENT-FUNCTIONING."

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Awfulizing and catastophizing

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even when terrible or awful things happen, Ellis believed feeling awful is a choice

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James-Lange Theory of Emotions

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one's body physiologically reacts to a stimulus first and is then followed by an emotional reaction

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Problem-focused coping

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face difficulties head on and try to solve them

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emotion-focused coping

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use of avoidance, prayer, or rationalization to cope

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Reality Therapy

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William Glasser; all behavior is based on what we do, what we think, or what we feel. We have choices about how we react; GOAL OF THERAPY: collaborate with the client to develop a plan regarding how to meet their wants and needs in a healthier manner

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eight nconcrete steps for reality therapy

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establish relationship with client, focus on the client's current behavior, ask client to participate in evaluation his/her behavior to ascertain, develop a plan for change, get commitment regarding changes, counselor never accepts excuses, punishment is never utilized, never give up on client

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WDEP system (reality therapy)

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Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Plan

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Humanistic theory

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helps clients be more authentic and genuine and strive for self actualization. Focuses on health more than psychopathology

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Existential

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helps clients addresses questions about life, death, freedom, and meaning in their lives. Emphasizes death-the reality of non-being. The threat of non-being is what gives meaning to our lives

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Non-directive therapy

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Carl Rogers; what s important is how the client experiences and perceives reality or the world (phenomenologist)

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core conditions of rogers

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genuine and authentic, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy

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client-centered therapy techniques

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alliance-building, reflecting back to the client, confronting/challenging client, summarizing

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Logotherapy

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Victor Frankl; horrendous circumstances cannot take away our ability to choose our attitude about things. Human will/human spirit is what creates meaning in life

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paradoxical intention

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frankl; client is instructed to exaggerate the problem behavior, either covertly or overtly.

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Existential Anxiety

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Rollo May; small amounts of anxiety was beneficial but too much anxiety caused people to avoid certain activities and actions

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Gestalt therapy

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Frederick Fritz Pearls and Laura Perls; based on principle of homeostasis; emphasized problems in th e"here and now." holistic doctrine" mind/body is inextricably link, as is thought/action

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use of I statement

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gestalt technique; emphasizes use of I statement sto help clients take responsibilityfor their thoughts and actions

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empty chair

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gestalt techniques; helps to facilitate dialog between the client and another individuals

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psychodrama

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gestalt techniques; client is asked to act out/play multiple roles simultaneously of an issue or a conflict

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role-playing

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gestalt techniques; helps explor and express feelings toward another w/o their actual presence. Gives clients an opporunity to say/do what she would really do

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confronting and frustrating clients

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gestalt techniques; must be willing to confront or frustrate clients whoa re not genuine or not taking responsibility for themselves

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social constructionist therapies

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views reality as socially constructed; client seeks therapy when she has deviated too far from what she considers normal

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solution-focused brief therapy

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Steve deShazer; focuses on solutions, does not focus on the client's problem. Helps clients to become aware of alternative solutions and take action. Pays attention to client descriptions of how they are trying to solve their problems, the language they use, and core beliefs behing their descriptions.

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visitors

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solution focused; clients who no want to change or do not recognize that a problem exists.

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complainants

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solution focused; clients who recognize a problem but are not yet ready to commit to change

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customers

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clients who recognize that they have a problem and are ready to commit to fixing it.

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validating

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SFBT Techniques; clients problems and prior attempts to solve the problem

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using exceptions

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SFBT Techniques; asking about what times when the problem was not present or solutions that have worked in the past

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the miracle question

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SFBT Techniques

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scaling

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SFBT Techniques; analogous to SUDS.

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FFST

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SFBT Techniques; formula-first session task; HOMEWORK

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narrative therapy

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Michael White and David Epstom;we live our lives according to the stories we tell about ourselves and the stories other people tell about us.

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dominant narratives

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stories of cultural customs that adversely affect client lives (sexism, racism, ageism)

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thin/think descriptions

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self narrative that is imposed on by a person by others/descriptions are client's interpretations of himself or herself.

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problem externalization

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when clients see their problems as internal or hard to alter, narrative therpists help them create new narratives to show how much of the problem can be based on environmental factors

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use of outside witnesses

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narrative therapists sometimes bring in outside others into the session and the narrative to help the client gain new and different perspectives on him/herself

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therapetuic letters

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at the conclusion of sessions, therapists will write therapeutic letters to their clients, reviewing what was discussed in session and highlighting important themes and in-session accomplishments.

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multimodal therapy

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Arnold Lazarus; BASIC ID, eclectic therapy

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BASIC ID

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Behavior, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal Relationships, Drugs

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bridging

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therapist determines which domain client prefers to operate in and uses technique from that domain first, in order to build alliance

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firing sequence

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when a problem is identified, determining the order of the domains affected

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transactional analysis

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Eric Berne; believes that if people can improve their interactions, their functioning will improve

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parent state

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superego, Brene; houses attitudes and behaviors learned from others

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adult state

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ego; Berne; operates independetly of age. Characterized by rational and logical thought; absence of emotions in decision making

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child state

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id; characterized by impulses

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complementary transactions

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when both are in the same ego state, or ego states that complement each other's needs.

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crossed transactions

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functioning from an ego state that doesn't meet the other's needs

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ulterior transactions

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when someone seemingly operates from one ego state but is really covering up his/her true ego states

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games

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a transaction that has a concealed or ulterior motive. Prevents intimacy and honesty. Usually manipulative.

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Life script

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early interactions form a blueprint for future interactions-based on messages you received as a child; positive strokes/negative storkes (feedback)

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Play therapy

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a methodology, not a theory; helps gives children a voice to and work thought issues without having to communicate verbally

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directive play therapy

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when the therapists selects toys and activitiea for the child to engage in.

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non-directive play therapy

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when child chooses toys and activities; therapist follows the lead of the child and provides reflection but not direction

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Feminist theory

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Carol Gilligan; does not focus on pathology, but rather examines the social and political environment in which a person operates.

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EMDR

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Francine Shapiro; uses the adaptive information processing (AIP) and bilateral stimulation to enhance the brain's processing capabilities; generally used with single event trauma.

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FRAMES acronym

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MI; feedback, responsibility, advice, menu, empathy, self-efficacy

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OARES

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MI; open ended, affirm, reflect, eleicit self motivational statements, summarize

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eclectic therapy

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frederick thorne; based on the idea that no single theoretic orientation can encompass all of the elements necessary to fully help a client

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psychsurgery

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frontal lobatomy

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human sexual response

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Master's and Johnson; excitement, plateua, orgasm, resolution

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sensate focus therapy

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uses exercises to overcome "performance anxiety,"

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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Hans Selve; impact of stress on human body--alarm stage, resistance stage, exhasustion stage

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positive psychology

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seligman; processes that contribute to optimal functioning; focuses on strengths and resilence that continue acorss lifespan

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3 man areas of positive psych

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positive emotions, positive traits, and positive institutions

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abnormal behavior

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behavior that is maladaptive and harmful

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etic

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similarities vs. unique client in cultures

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emic

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client's unique POV in cultural context

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hypnotherapy used..

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headaches, childbirth, and chronic pain

Major Counseling/Psychotherapy Theories and Theorists – Flashcards

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