Lymphatic System – Flashcards
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anti
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against
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carcin/o
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cancer
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immun/o
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protected
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lymph/o
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lymph
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lymphaden/o
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lymph node
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lymphangi/o
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lymphatic vessel
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neo
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new or strange
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ne/o
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new or strange
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oma
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tumor
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onc/o
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tumor
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phag/o
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eat or swallow
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plasm
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formation
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sarc/o
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flesh
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splen/o
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spleen
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tic
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pertaining to
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tox/o
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poison
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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the most advanced & fatal stage of and HIV infection- AIDS
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allergen
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a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
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anaphylaxis
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a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, & without help, the patient can die within a few minutes
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antibiotic
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a medication that is capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
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antibody
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a disease fighting protein deveoped in the body
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antifungal
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an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
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antigen
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any substance that the body regards as foreign
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antigen-antibody reaction
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the binding of antigens to antibodies
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autoimmune disorder
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any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produced antibodies to work against its own tissues
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bacilli
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rod-shaped spore -forming bacteria
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bacteria
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a group of one-cell microorganisms, some of twhich are pathogenic
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carcinoma
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a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
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carcinoma in situ
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a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissue
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complement
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a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form & are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria
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cytomegalovirus
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a group of large herpes-type viruses that cause a variety of diseases
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cytotoxic drug
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medication that kills or damages cells
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ductal carcinoma in situ
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breast cancer at its earliest stage, before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct
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hemolytic
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destroys worn-out red blood cells & liberates hemoglobin
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herpes zoster
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an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflammed nerve
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Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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A malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
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Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system
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Immunoglobulins
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bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
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immunosuppresant
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a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response
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immunotherapy
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a treatment of disease by either stimulating or repressing the immune response
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infectious mononucleosis
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an infection caused by the Espstein-Barr Virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, sore throat & enlarged lymph nodes
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infiltrating ductal carcinoma
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Breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of the duct, & invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue; also known as invasive ductal carcinoma
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interferon
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a substance that is produced by the T-cells & that causes noninfected cells to form an antiviral protein that slows or stops viral multiplication
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lymphadenitis
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inflammation of the lymph nodes; also known asswollen glands
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lymphadenopathy
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any disease process affecting a lymph ode or nodes
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lymphangioma
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a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
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lymphedema
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swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph with the tissues
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lymphocytes
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a major class of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune reaction
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lymphokines
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a type of T-Cell that directs the immune response by signalling between the cells of the immune system
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lymphoma
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a general term applied to malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system
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lymphoscintigraphy
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a diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
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macrophage
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a type of white blood cell that surrounds & kills invading cells
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malaria
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a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes & is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
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mammography
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a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
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metastasis
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a new cancer site that results from the spreading process; plural, metastases
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metastsize
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the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another
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myoma
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a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
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myosarcoma
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a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
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Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkins lymphoma
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opportunistic infection
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a pathogen that normally does not cause disease but is able to cause illness in a weakened host
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osteosarcoma
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a malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knees
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parasite
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a plant or an animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
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pathogen
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a microorganism that causes a disease
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rabies
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an acute viral infection transmitted to humans by the blood, tissue, or saliva of an infected animal
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rickettsia
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small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks & mites that transmit the infection to humans
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rubella
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Viral infection characterized by fever & a diffuse, fine, red rash; also know as German measles or 3-day measles
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sarcoma
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a maliginant tumor that arises from connective tissue; plural, sarcomas or sarcomata
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spirochetes
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spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls & are capable of movement
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splenomegaly
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abnormal enlargement of the spleen
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staphylococci
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bacteria that form irregular clusters
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streptococci
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bacteria that form a chain
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teletheraphy
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radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body that is precisely targeted with the use of 3-D computer imaging
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tetanus
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a disease caused by the bacilli tetanus bacteria & is transmitted through a cut or wound
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toxoplasmosis
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a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated feces
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varicella
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a highly contagious disease caused by herpes virus
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lymph
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primary functions: removes cellular waste products, pathogens & dead blood cells from the tissues
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lymph/o
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combining form - lymph
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lymph vessels
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returns lymph to the circulatory system
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lymphangi/o
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combining form - lymphatic vessel
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lymph nodes
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produce lymphocytes, filter harmful substances from lymph
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lymphaden/o
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combining form - lymph node
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tonsils & adenoids
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function- protect the entry into the respiratory system
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tonsill/o
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tonsills
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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spleen functions (5)
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1. filters foreign materials from blood, 2. maintains the appropriate balance between cells & plasma in the blood, 3. destroys old, worn-out blood cells, 4. acts as a blood reservoir & 5. stores platelets
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splen/o
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spelled with only one "e"
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bone marrow function
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primary function - produces red blood cells
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myel/o
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combining form - bone marrow
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lymphocytes function
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play an important role in imsune reactions
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lymphocyt/o
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lymphocytes
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thymus functions
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produces "T" lymphocytes - secretes - "thymosin" for immune system
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thymo/o
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thymus
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immune system function
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defends the body against harmful substances such as pathogenic mircoorganisms, allergens, toxins & malignant cells
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immun/o
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immune
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lymph node removal & breast cancer surgery
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most breast cancer surgeries, even lymphectomies, usually involve an axillary lymph node dissections (ALND) in which all the axillary lymph nodes are removed in an attempt to prevent the spread of cancer. the exception to this is a sentinel biopsy
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sentinel-node biopsy
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after the sentinel lymph node has been identified, only this & the other affected nodes are removed by biopsy
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sentinel node
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first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination & start spreading into the rest of the body
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lymphedema
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chronic condition - abnormal swelling due to an accumulation of lymph within the tissues, is a complication that can develop because the removal of lymph nodes distrupts the normal flow of lymph
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lymphedema 3 stages- stage 1
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1st stage- tissue is swollen, soft & characterized by pitting edema, pressure on the affected area leaves a mark that soon disappears - treated & controlled easily
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lymphedema stage 2
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there is more swelling & tissues are no longer soft. this tissue hardening is known as FIBROSIS - can be treated & improved
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lymphedema stage 3
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major increase in the amount of swelling & fibrosis tissues hand in folds - can be improved - but the condition is rarely completely reversed.
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metastasize
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verb - process by which cancer spreads from one place to another
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metastasis
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name used to describe the new cancer site resulting from the spreading of cancer
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stasis
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means stopping-metastasis is a stopping place of a spread of cancer
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sneezing
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localized allergic reaction. with repeated exposure, some localized reactions develop into a systemic reaction. in a systemic reaction, many body systems are involved & the patients life can be in danger very quickly
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Vector disease transmission
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diseases can be transmitted from animals or insects to humans, transmission by a vector (insect-mosquito) can cause malaria, rabies, rocky mtn. spotted fever & lyme disease, pets can indirectly transmit diseases to humans through activities such as cleaning a pet cage or litter box
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Intact skin first line of defense - compromises
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once there is a break in the skin, it can no longer protect the body as well. a microbe looking for a chance to enter the body thinks that even the smallest break in the skin is an opportunity to invade
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autoimmune disorder
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is any of a large group of diseases in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues. When this happens the body litterally attacks itself
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Autoimmune means
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auto - self, immune - means safe or protected, can be extremely serious & life threatening
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metastasize
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the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another
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allergist
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specialist in altered immunologiccreactivity
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acronym for HIV blood test
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ELISA
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Malignant
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tending to spread, becoming progressively worse & life threatening
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CIS
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abbreviation for carcinoma in situ
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adenocarcinoma
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cancer derived from glandular tissue
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lymphadenitis
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inflammation of the lymph nodes
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sarco
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word part meaning flesh
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IFC
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abbreviation for infiltrating lobular carcinoma
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mumps
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viral infection of the parotid glands
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LYMPHOMA
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malignancy that develops int he lymphatic system
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rubella
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also know as the 3 day measles
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carcin/o
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word part meaning cancer
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antiviral
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medication to treat viral infections
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AIDS
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acronym for the advanced stage of an HIV infection
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lingual
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tonsils located at the base of the tongue
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biopsy
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removal of tissue to confirm a diagnosis
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metastasis
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new cancer site resulting from the spreading process
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splen/o
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word part meaning spleen
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allergen
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an antigen capable of causing an allergic response
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shingles
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common name for herpes zoster
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inguinal
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lymph nodes located in the groin
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myosarcoma
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malignant tumor of muscle tissues
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hemolytic
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to remove & destroy worn-out red blood cells
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myoma
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benign tumor of muscle tissue
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benign
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not recurring and with a favorable chance for recovery
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bacilli
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rod-shaped spore forming bacteria
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autoimmune
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condition in which the body attacks itself
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rabies
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viral infection transmitted to humans by an infected animal
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axillary
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lymph nodes located under the arms
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oncology
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study of tumors & cancer
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candidiasis
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type of fungus
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which type of tissue gives rise to sarcoma
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malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including the bones, bladder, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles& spleen
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what lymph nodes are located in the groin area
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Inguinal
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what is a yeast infection
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candidiasis
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what are lymyphocytes
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they are white blood cells that specialize so they can attack specific microoorganisms
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Antibody
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term that describes a disease-fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of a specific foeign substance
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staphylococci
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bacteria that form irregular groups of clusters
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adenocarcinoma
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any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from grandular tissue
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lymphadenopathy
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term that describes any disease process involving enlargement of the lymph nodes
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Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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disease that is distinguished by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
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Osteosarcoma
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a malignant tumor usually involving upper shaft of the long bones
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lyme disease
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is transmitted by deer-ticks, is caused by spirochete
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ostecosarcoma
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condition of malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of the long bones, the pelvis or knee
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Sentinel-node biopsy
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only ONE lymph nodes is removed for biopsy
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Teletherapy
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form of radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
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Angiogenesis
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process by which tumor supports its growth by creating its won blood supply
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ELISA
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test that is used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies
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scleroderma
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autoimmune disorder that attacks the skin and other issues
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septic shock
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serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body
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lymphadenitis
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term that means an inflammation of the lymph nodes
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splenomegaly
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abnormal englargment of the spleen
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MRSA
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is a bacterial infection that is antibiotic resistant & is potentially fatal
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Lymphadenectomy
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surgical removal of a lymph node
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What is a fungus
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yeast
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Intact skin is what
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which is free of cuts, scrapes, or open sores, wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent pathogenic organisms from entering the body
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Shingles
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viral infection affiliated with Herpes Zoster
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what has a specific function in the antigen-antibody reaction
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immunoglobulins
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what is the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another
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metastasize
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what is the treatment of allergic responses involving gradually developing immunity to offending allergens
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immunotherapy- treatment of disease either by stimulating or repressing the immune response
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myosarco
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is a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
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onc/o
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tumor
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what type of tumor arises from connective tissue
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sarcoma
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what is a benign tumor
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Myoma is a made up of muscle tissue, that can cause problems by placing pressure on adjacent structures
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lympectomy
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is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue & a margin of normal tissue
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another name for chicken pox
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varicella - is an acute highly contagious viral disease
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oncologist
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specialist in the diagnosis & treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors & cancer
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is
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AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection
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lymphangiography
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radiographic examination of the lymph vessels after the injection of contract medium
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herpes zoster
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also know as shingles can be prevented by a vaccine
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neoplasm
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a new & abnormal tissue formation in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormally rapid & progressive
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macrophage
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protects the body by eating & invading cells
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lymphoma
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general term applied to malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system
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spirochete
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spiral-shaped bacterium that has flexible walls, & capable of movement
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vermiform appendix
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hangs from the lower portion of the cecum. 1st section of the large intestine, appendix - has been found to play an important roll in the immune system
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cecum
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first section of the large intestine
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appendix
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has been found to play an important role in the immune system
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name for study of immune system
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Immunology
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a malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue
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carcinoma
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hemolytic
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destroy, worn-out red blood cells to liberate hemoglobin
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antibody
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disease fighting protein
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artificial immunity
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immunity that is acquired through a vaccine
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lymphadenitis
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inflammation of the lymph nodes
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splenorrhagia
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bleeding from the spleen
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aspergillosis
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infection caused by a fungus
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dendritic cells
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specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
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palatine tonsils
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which are located in the throat, are visible through the mouth
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lingual tonsils
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are located at the base of the tongue & are NOT easily visible throught he mouth
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staphylococcus Aureus
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commonly infects wounds & causes food poisoning
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malignant
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term that means harmful, tending to spread, becoming progressively worse & life threatening
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thymus gland
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plays an important role in both the immunoloic & endocrine system
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oncology
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study of the prevention, causes & treatment of tumors & cancer
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lymphatic circulation
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transports lymph from tissues throughout the body & eventually returns this fluid to the venous circulation
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lymph
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a clear, watery fluid that transports waste products & proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues.
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3 functions of the lymphatic system
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1. absorbing fats & fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine, 2. removing waste from the tissues, 3. providing aid to the immune system
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villi
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small finger-like projections that line the small intestine
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lacteals
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fat & fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be absorbed directly into the bloodsrteam are absorbed & transported by these
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lymph nodes
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protect body against invading microorganisms and diseases.
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4 major parts of the lymphatic system are
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lymph, lymphatic vessels, ducts, lymph nodes
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addtional structures of the lymphatic system are
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tonsils, thymus, spleen, lacteals, Peyer's patches, vermiform appendix & lymphocytes
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interstitial flud
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also know as INTERCELLULAR or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the capillaries & into the spaces between the cells. It transports food, oxygen & hormones to the cells
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reabsorbed interstitial fluid what happens
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about 90% of this fluid is reabsorbed by the capillaries & returned to the venous circulation - taken up again by the body
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what happens to the 10% of interstitial fluid
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the 10% of this fluid that was not reabsorbed becomes lymph. It is transported by the lymphatic vessels & is filtered by lymph nodes located along these vessels.
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lymphatic caplillaries
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microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body.
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Lymphatic vessels
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large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes
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Right lymphatic duct
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collects lymph from the right side of the head & neck, the upper right quadrant of the body & the right arm. this duct empties into the right subclavian vein
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thoracic duct
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the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head & neck, the upper left quadrant o fthe trunk, the left arm & the entire lower portion of the trunk & both legs. This duct empties into the left subclavian vein.
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lymph node
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contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. unfiltered lymph flows into the nodes, & here the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, & malignant cells
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how many lymph nodes are in the lymphatic vessels
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approximately 400 - 700 lymph nodes located along the large lymphatic vessels, & approximately half of these nodes are in the abdomen
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Cervical Lymph nodes
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located along the sides of the neck
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Axillary lymph nodes
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are located under the arms in the area known as the armpits
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Inguinal lymph nodes
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located in the groin area, area of the lower abdomen
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lymphoid
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pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue
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Peyer's patches
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located on the walls of the Ileum.Ileum is the last section of the small intestine
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lymphangioma
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benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenitial malformation of the lymphatic system
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primary lymphedema
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hereditary disorder due to malformation of the lymphatic system. commonly produces swelling in the feet and legs
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secondary lymphedema
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caused by damage to the lymphatic system commonly produces swelling in the limb nearest to the damaged lymphatic vessels. causes; cancer treatment, injuries, burns, trauma, chemotheraphy
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pathogens
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disease-producing microorganisms
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toxins
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poisonous or harmful substances
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respiratory system
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traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs & the moist mucous membrane lining of this system. Tonsils from a protective ring around the entrance to the throat.
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digestive system
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uses the acids & enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
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plasma cells
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specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
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B cells
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known as B lymphocytes are specialized lymphocytes that produce & secrete antibodies- most effective against viruses & bacteria circulating in the blood
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Plasma B cell
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cells that are capable of producing & secreting antibodies that are coded to destroy a specific antigen
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lymphokines
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produced by the T-Cells direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system. they attract macrophages to the infected site & prepare them to attack the invaders
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Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
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most abundant class of antibodies, they are found in blood serum & lymph. they are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, & foreign particles
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immuoglobulin A (IgA)
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class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingest antigens. These antibodies are found in body secretions such as siliva, sweat, or tears, & function to prevent the attachment of viruses & bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs
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Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
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antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. They are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen
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Immunoglobulin D ( IgD)
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antibodies found only on the surface of B Cells. are importatnt in B cell activation
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Immunoglobulin E ( IgE)
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antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, & mucous membranes. responsible for allergic reactions
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phagocyte
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large white blood cells that can destroy substances wuch as cell debris, dust, pollen, pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
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natural immunity
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passed from mother to her fetus(developing child)before birth. Immunity lasts only a short time
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passive immunity
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passed from the mother to her child after birth through breast milk
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acquired immunity
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also known as active immunity is the production of antibodies against a specific antigen by the immune system wither by contracting an infectious disease , or by a vaccination
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Vaccination or Immunization
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providing protection for susceptible individuals from communicable diseases by the administration of a vaccine
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localized allergic response
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cellular response, includes redness, itching, burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
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scratch test
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diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as pollen, swelling & itching indicate an allergic reaction
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antihistamines
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medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of an allergic reaction, they work by preventing the effects of histamine - which is a substance produced by the body that causes the reactions
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debillitated
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weakened by another condition
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kaposi's sarcoma
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is an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. this cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grown under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose & throat & in other organs
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western blot system
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blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. This test confirms the ELISA test
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monoclonal antibodies
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antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of the clone of specific cells. they are used to enhance the patient's immune response to certain malignancies, includeng Hodgkin's Lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer & colon cancer
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corticosteroid drug
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hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory & as an immunosuppressant.
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cytoxic drug
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medication that kills or damages cells
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Tinea pedis
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athlete's foot is a fungal infection that commonly develops between the toes & on the feet
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Moniliasis
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type of fungus known as Candidiasis, or yeast infection or thrush - occurs on the skin or mucous membranes in the warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth
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toxoplasmosis
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transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces.
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microcephalus
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abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain
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Hydrocephalus
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condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulated in the ventricles of the brain
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Rubeola Virus
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Measles - acute, highly contagious infection caused by this virus, transmitted by respiratory droplets symptoms are: red itchy rash over entire body
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photophobia
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sensitivity to light, complications of measles can be serious
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west nile virus
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is spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. symptoms flu-like, can spread to the spinal cord and brain
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CMV
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silent infection - found in most body fluids, the individual has not signs or symptoms of the infection, any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epitheltial cells and can cause birth defects
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bactericide
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substance that causes the death of bacteria, the group of antibiotics include; penicillin & cephalosporins
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bacteriostatic
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agent that slows or stops the growth of bacteria this group of antibiotics: tetracycline, sulfonamide, & erythromycin
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Lotrimin is used for
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topical antifungal to prevent or stop athlete's foot also known as Antimycotic
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antiviral drug
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acyclovir is used for treating viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
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antiangiogenesis
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form of treatment that disrupts this blood supply to the tumor
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hard tissue sarcomas
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arise from bone or cartilage is a malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, pelvis or knee
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soft tissue sarcomas
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arise from tissues such as muscle, connective tissues such as tendons, blood & lymphatic vessels, nerves & fat- malignant tumor of the tissue surrounding a synovial joint.
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liquid tissue sarcomas
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arise from blood & lymph example leukemia- affects the blood
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staging
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process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, potential for its responding to therapy patient's prognosis, used for different types of cancer
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infiltrating lobular carcinoma
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also known as invasive lobular carinoma, is cancer that starts in the milk glands (lobules) breaks through the wall of the gland, invades the fatty tissue of the breast. Once this cancer reaches the lymph nodes it can rapidly spread to sdistant parts of the body
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Inflammatory breast cancer IBC
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most aggressive & least common form of breast cancer. IBC grows rapidly & symptoms include, pain, rapid increase in the breast size, redness or rash on the breast & swelling of nearby lymph nodes. IBC can be detected by an MRI, but not by mammogram or ultrasound
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Male breast cancer
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occurs in small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men. The types are similiar to women
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surgical biopsy
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removal of a small piece of tissue for examniation to confirm or establish a diagnosis, then treatment is based on the stage of the cancer
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needle breast biopsy
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technique in which an x-ray guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast. It is less painful & disfiguring than typical surgical biopsy
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lymph node dissection
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surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer
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modified radical mastectomy
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surgical removal of the entire breast & all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
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radical mastectomy
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surgical removal of an entire breast & many of the surrounding tissues
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chemoprevention
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use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer, or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur, can also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor
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antineoplastic
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medication that blocks the development, growth, or poliferation of malignant cells
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radiation therapy
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used in the treatment of some cancers, with the goal of destroying the cancer while sparing healthy tissues
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brachytherapy
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is the use of radioactive materials in contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be treated
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adjuvant therapy
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is used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur.
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Adjuvant
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refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drugs; however, adjuvant treatments for cancer can also include chemotheraphy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy or targeted therapy
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targeted therapy
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is a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that used drugs or other substances to identify & attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. a monoclonal antibody is a type of targeted therapy
