LLUSD Microbio sec 2 exam – Flashcards
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| Serpentine Cords High lipid content in cell wall |
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| Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Inhalation Acid Fast bacteria that also have Wax D (induce delayed hypersensitive rxn) and Cord Factor Causes Pulmonary TB + Miliary TB Triple therapy - LONG TERM - INH + rifampin Pyranzinamide |
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| Hansens Disease |
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| Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy. . . treat with Dapasone inhalation Likes to infect nerves |
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| White type of Leprosy can cause false + syphilis ? |
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| Lepromatous Tuberculoid does not , usually self limiting |
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| Most common cause of Human pneumonia |
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| Streptococcus Pneumoniae polysaccharide capsule normal flora. . . inhalation classical lobar pneumonia Penicillin treatment vaccine - Conjugated Prevnar (kids 2 and younger) ; Multivalent Pneumovax (adults) |
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| whooping cough |
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| Bordetella Pertussis Virulent strains are encapsulated and toxin producing inhalation URT and LRT , paralysis of ciliated cells Vaccine - TDaP |
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| Secretes proteases which destroy cellular proteins spread through fine water mist |
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| Legionella pneumophilia intracellular; motile; Legionnaires Disease URT illness Levofloxacin + Azithromycin |
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| Metachromatic granules and Pseudomembrane formation in URT |
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| Corynebacterium Diptheriae Gram + ; "chinese characters" Diptheria Exotoxin (due to TOX gene bacteriophage transduction) inactivates EF2 rash indistinguishable from impetigo normal flora Vaccine - TDaP |
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| Catalase + with Polyribophosphate capsule, X factor, V-factor |
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| Haemophelius (influenzae) requires blood components for growth X factor - hemin V-vactor - B complex vitamin Hib Vaccine |
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| "currant jelly" |
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| Klebsiella pneumoniae enteric organism ; large gelatinous capsule Intestinal and respiratory tract 2 species K.ozenae and K.rhinoscleromatis |
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| Neonatal Pneumonia and/or Meningitis |
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| Listeria monocytogenes crosses placental and affects fetus Intracelular Psychrophilic Dairy product transmission (Brucellae, Coxiella brunii, Y.enterocolitica) Amoxicillin, Vancomycin, Ampicillin |
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| inhalation of dried bird feces |
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| Chlamydia psitticosis atypical pneumonia resembling influenza*** No vaccine Antibiotics |
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| No cell wall ; requires cholesterol to grow ; Walking Pneumonia |
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Mycoplasma not effected by penicillin ; use tetracycline ; no vaccine Obligate Intracellular |
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| Actinomyces israelii |
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| Sulfur granules "Lumpy Jaw" Normal Flora ; endogenous to the mouth Penicillin or Tetracycline Anaerobic |
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| 2 acid fast (Zeil-Nelson stain) bacteria |
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| Mycobacterium and Nocardia asterodies (pulmonary and CNS associated) |
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| Gram + bacteria |
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| Actinomyces Bacillus Corenybacterium Clostridium Listeria Streptococcus Staphylococcus |
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| Relapsing Fever |
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| Borrellia (spirocheate) also can cause Berreliosis and Lymes Disease Vector mediated |
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| Vincents Angina |
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| Borrelia Vencetti causes ANUG - acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis |
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| Louse Borne disease |
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| Borrellia recurrentis - relapsing fever Ricketsiae Prowazakii - Epidemic typhus - obligate intracellular |
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| hard shell tick vector |
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| Borrelia Burgdorferia - lymes disease Ricketsiae rickettseii - **Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever** - obligate intracellular |
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| Endemic Relapsing Fever |
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| Borrelia duodenii soft-shelled tick borne warm weather multiple dose of tetracycline or erythromycin animal-human transmission via saliva of ticks |
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| Most common vector of tick (vector) borne disease in the USA |
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| Borrelia burgdorferia Lyme's Disease Hard shelled Tick Erythma migrans - Bulls eye target rash CNS manifestations w/ AV block and subtle myocarditis and arthritis NO human to human Reservoirs : Rodents Deer, Domestic pets multiplel doses of oral Doxycycline |
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| Obligate intracellular organisms |
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| Chlamydia Ricketsiae - ***except R.quintana = extracellular Mycoplasma |
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| Jaundice ; Weil's Disease ; Canicola fever |
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| Leptospira interogans Leptospirosis - pathongenic Canicola - dog MOST COMMON in USA Contact with ANIMAL URINE. . . break in skin or inhalation Systemic disease involves. . . Brain, Lungs, Liver, Kidney (colonize) IV penicillin, YES vaccine |
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| Brucellae |
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| Undulating fever LPS endotoxin Intracellular B.melitenisis - goats&sheep , most pathogenic Localized to mammary glands & preg. uterus Skin abrasions, conjunctival exp, inhalation MILK UNPASTURIZED ! ( Y.enterolitica, Listeria, Coxiella bruneii) LONG LONG recovery weeks to months |
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| Coagulase produced at 28C, Rat flea vector |
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| Yersina Pestis / Enterolitica Fraction I - antiphagocitic Black death, bubonic/pneumonic plegue LPS and Murine Exotoxin Optimum temp = 30C , envelope slime layer @37C Y.e. - milk - fever, bloody diarrhea - Resembles APPENDICITS Y.p - Rat flea - large painful buboes, vomit , diarrhea |
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| Typhoidal and Pneumotitis Tuleremia |
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| Francicella TT - most serious - ingestion PT - most frequent - systemic JACK RABBITS ! Intracellular |
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| Normal flora |
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| *Pasturella multocida - most common organism from infected dog & cat bites *Actinomyces - sulfer granules *Streptococcus pneumoniae - most common pneumonia *Corenybacterium diptheriae - metachromatic g. pseudom. *Malisazia furfur (fungus - superficial mycoses) - UV green |
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| Ricketsiae |
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| Obligate intracellular *except for R.Quintana = extracellular |
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| Epidemic Typhus |
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| R.prowazekii human body louse vector - similar to B.recurrentis gangrene in severe froms highest fatality rate = 10-40% Yes vaccine |
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| Rat flea / rat louse |
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| Rat flea - Y. pestis - black death, bubonic/pneumonic plague Rate Louse - R.typhi - Endemic typhus |
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| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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| Ricketsiae Rickettsii Hard shelled tick - *similar to B.burgdorferia (lyme's dis) intravascular coagulation in severe cases |
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| Q Fever |
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| Coxiella brunii infected milk, inhalation (urine, feces, animal hides) Vector - arthropods , especially ticks possible GI symptoms and chest pain Doxycycline Vaccine- QVAX |
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| Cancer causing viruses |
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| HPV --> Oropharyngeal + cervical (16+18) Hepatitis B (HBV) --> (see below) Hepatitis C (HCV) --> hepatic cell carcinoma Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV4) --> Nasopharngeal + burkitts lym |
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| Lipid Envelope with E1 and E2 viral glycoproteins |
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| Coronavirus +ssRNA, long helical structure Inhalation Respiratory Disease (URT) - NO FEVER Gastrointestinal disease growth cycle in cytoplasm |
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| Picornaviruses include |
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| Polivirus - anterior horn cells of spinal cord*** & asp meng Coxsackie (A+B) virus - A - herpangina Echovirus - Rhinovirus - ONLY one that is inhalation , common cold Hepatitis A - jaudice |
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| General Picornavirus traits |
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| +ssRNA No envelope Icosahedral Replicate in cytoplasm Stable at pH 3-5 |
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| anterior horn cells of spinal cord and possible Viral (aseptic) meningitis |
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| Poliovirus ingestion - for all picornaviruses EXCEPT for rhinovirus +ssRNA No envelope , icosahedral Replicate in cytoplasm Progressive postpoliomyelitis muscle atrophy Vaccine: Salk (killed) , Sabin (live attenuated, BEST ONE) |
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| Lesions in CNS , heart muscle, other organs Neonatal disease, acute fatal encephalomyocarditis (infants) and acute myocardiopathy |
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| Coxsackie B virus Coxsackie A virus --> herpangina BOTH grow in oropharnx and intestine Ingestion CNS and peripheral nerve involvement NEVER treat with Asprin --> Reyes syndrome |
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| Reyes Syndrome |
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| Coxsackie virus Influenza Virus Human Herpes Virus 3 - VZV DO NOT TREAT WITH ASPRIN |
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| Only picornavirus that is transmitted via inhalation , Common cold |
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| Rhinovirus Acid laible Heat stable (grow best at 33C) NO FEVER ***same as Coronavirus |
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| 6 characteristics of a virus |
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| Very small DNA or RNA (NOT BOTH) Obligate intracellular parasite No ribosomes Not susceptible to antibiotics specific tissue tropism |
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| 4 ways of classification of viruses |
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| Symmetry Nucleic Acid type Host cell type Serological relationships |
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| 5 Enteroviruses of Picornaviruses |
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| Poliovirus Coxsackie A virus Coxsackie B virus Echovirus Enterovirus |
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| True or False +ssRNA can create viral proteins immediately |
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| True -ssRNA cannot, they need to make the template strand first. |
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| Name the DNA viruses |
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| HPV - circular DNA Hepatitis B - dsDNA Human Herpes Virus 1-8 - dsDNA |
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| Which of the following does not belong to the family ParamyxovirusParainfluenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Measles, Mumps, Rubella |
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| Rubella does NOT below to paramyxoviruses. it is a Togavirus +ssRNA ; Icosahedral Inhalation Fetus malformation + mild upper respiratory symptoms YES vaccine - MMR (live attenuated) |
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| which group of viruses has Hemagluttin-neuramidase and fusion glycoproteins ? |
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Paramyxoviruses including (Measles, Mumps, RSV) |
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| What is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants especially between 2-4months old ? |
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| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) it is a paramyxovirus - linear RNA helical nucleoprotein capsid immediate hypersensitivity (type I - IgE) rxn Treat with Ribavirin |
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| Generalized exanthematous (skin eruption) disease with characteristic Koplik spots on buccal mucosa. |
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| Measles inhalation Multinucleated giant cells - *similar to RSV syncitia reticuloendothelial system and Rash w/ possible CNS Prodromal fever Vaccine yes - MMR |
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| Killed vaccine which has no fusion proteins gives incomplete protection against ? |
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| Measles |
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| 3 Key things about Mumps |
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| 1. Parotitis & salivary gland infection 2. Orchitis (testes/ovaries) 3. Aseptic meningitis (* similar to poliovirus) |
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| Non-enveloped virus/es |
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| HPV Picornaviruses |
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| HPV 16 and 18 are known causative agents of what type of cancer? |
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| Cervical cancer HPV 6 - Genital warts (condylomas) - most common STD HPV 1-4 - cutaneous warts |
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| Gardasil and Ceravix are used to treat what ? |
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| Gardisil - HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 serotpyes - prevent warts and protect against cervical cancer. Ceravix - HPV 16 and 18 serotypes protect ONLY against cervical cancer |
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| Condoms can reduce risk of what virus ? but not another ? |
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| Condoms can reduce risk of HIV but NOT HPV |
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| What virus takes residence in the basal cell layer of squamous epithelial cells, but does not lyse them ? |
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| HPV |
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| Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) are matrix proteins of what virus ? while hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) is on the envelope of which virus ? |
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| Q1: Influenza Virus - have HA and NA Q2: Paramyxoviruses (RSV, Measles, Mumps) - has HN HA - helps with attachment to sialic from host cell for virus fusion NA - lowers the viscosity of the host cell membrane prior to vision release from cell. |
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| which two virus undergo massive amounts of genetic reassortment/change ? which of the two has a higher mutation rate ? |
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| Influenza - changes yearly (genetic shift and/or drift) HIV - changes multiple times within an infected individual *HIV has a much higher mutation rate. |
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| Myxoviruses have an affinity for what type of environment ? |
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| Mucous |
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| amantadine and rimantidine are used to treat what ? |
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| Influenza A virus NOT effective against H5N1 or avian flu viruses. Vaccines for influenza are typically Tri/tetravalent with several strains of A and B types |
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| Lipid enveloped virus is characteristic of what group ? are they DNA or RNA viruses ? |
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| Orthomyxovirus (eg. Influenza virus) - -ssRNA Herpesvirus (eg. HSV1 , VZV,) - dsDNA HIV - 2 identical copies of linear ss RNA . . .needs Reverse Transcriptase |
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| Respiratory Papillomatosis is the result of ? |
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| mother --> fetus viral transmission via aspiration of HPV during birth. |
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| what test detects for abnormalities of cells in the cervix of females ? |
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| Papanicolaou (PAP) smear |
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| Which Hepatitis viruses are chronic ? which hepatitis viruses requires HBV infection prior Which hep. virus/es are sexual/blood transmitted What is the most important factor for measuring the infectivity potential of a hepatitis virus ? |
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| Q1: Hep B, C, and D Q2: Hep D Q3: Hep B, C, and D Q4 : HBeAg |
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| what are 3 other viruses that can cause hepatitis ? |
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| Epstein-Barr virus (human herpes virus 4) Cytomegalovirus (human herpes virus 5) Measles (rubeola) Mumps Rubella Coxsackievirus |
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| to be categorized as chronic hepatitis what is the criteria Which is the most chronic hepatitis ? |
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| HBsAg must be in circulation for 6months or LONGER. Hepatitis C is most chronic |
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| in the early acute phase of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) what is present ? what about in the acute phase ? convalescent phase ? |
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| anti-HAV IgM anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG anti- HAV IgG |
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| an individual is contagious with Hepatitis B as long as what 2 things are in circulation ? which of those would be absent during the convalescent phase "window phase" of an HBV infection? |
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| HBsAg and HBeAg during the convalescent phase, only HBeAg would exist. HBsAg would be ABSENT ! |
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| which is more infective HIV or Hepatitis B ? |
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| Hepatitis B |
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| name a specific virus that is a Flavivirus ? Calicivirus ? |
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| Hepatitis C = Flavivirus Hepatitis E = Calicivirus |
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| the most common human virus is ? |
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| Herpesvirus |
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| 3 important life cycle growth traits of all herpes viruses are ? |
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| 1. "ballooning of cells" 2. intranucleuated inclusion bodies 3. multinucleate giant cells |
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| HSV1 commonly affects what area of the body ? where does it remain latent ? mode of transmission ? 2 characterisitc clinical findings include ? |
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| Q1: oral cavity (lips) Q2: Trigeminal Ganglia Q3: inhalation via respiratory droplets OR direct contact Q4: Whitlow's infection (fingers) and Eczema herpeticum |
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| HSV2 primarily affects what part of the body ? mode of transmission ? site of latency ? what clinical manifestations ? |
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| Q1 : Genitals Q2 : sexual OR mother--> fetus Q3 : Sacral ganglia Q4 : Genital herpes, neonatal herpes, and Whitlow's inf. + Eczema herpeticum |
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| What is the drug treatment for HSV1 and 2 ? what does it do ? |
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| Acyclivor , nucleosides get phosphorylated by Thymidine kinase and DNA replication is blocked. |
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| What is Human Herpes Virus 3 ? |
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| Varicella-Zoster Virus = chickenpox and shingles you cannot get shingles if you have not had chickenpox Varicella - mild, generalized rash, children usually Zoster - unilateral rash (follows nerve tracts), extremely painful, |
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| infectious Mononucleosis refers to what virus ? |
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| Epstein-Barr virus (Human Herpes Virus 4) "Kissing Disease" - saliva immortalizes B cells, and remains latent in B cells Atypical lymphocytes and HETEROPHILE ANTIBODIES ! Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's Lymphoma |
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| what virus is called the salivary gland virus and exhibits cell gigantism, but has NO heterophile antibodies ? |
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| Cytomegalovirus Latent in secretory glands and Kidneys |
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| Human Herpes Virus 6 and 7 have genomic similarity with ? but share ? |
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| genomic similarity with Cytomegalovirus they share antigenic similarity BOTH grow in T lymphocytes |
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| Kaposi's sarcoma is indicative of what 2 viruses ? |
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| Human Herpes Virus 8 and HIV/AIDS |
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| what functions belong with head of the molecules. . . gp120 , gp41, CXCR4, CCR5 Where virus are these important for ? |
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| gp120 - virus attachment to CD4 celles gp41 - fusion CXCR4 - T cell entry CCR5 - macrophage/monocyte entry HIV VIRUS ! |
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| What two viral infections can induce Fc receptors that help predispose an individual to contracting AIDS virus ? |
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| HSV and CMV induce Fc receptors . . . these can be later used by the HIV virus-antibody complex to enter cells. *NOTICE, both of these are Herpes Virus ! |
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| What is the hallmark for an AIDS virus infection what is the major reservoir of the AIDS virus ? |
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| T helper lymphocytes (CD4) get infected, easily killed, allow many progeny viruses, and form syncytia. major reservoir is the Moncytes and macrophages |
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| What is the best predictor of AIDS virus outcome ? |
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| Level of HIV1 RNA in the plasma ("viral load") |
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| What are 2 (3?)AIDS defining conditions ? What is the recommended treatment for HIV/AIDS ? |
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Q1 : Pneumocystis Carinii (Jirovecii) peumonia (PCP) Kaposi's Sarcoma Histoplasma Capsulatum
Q2 : Highly Active Anti-Retroviaral Therapy (HAART) , it is a 3 drug combination (AZT, 3TC, and Indinavir). AZT targets Reverse transcriptase. Indinavir targets protease inhibitors. Prevention of envelop fusion with host cell membrane |
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| what is the screening test for HIV/AIDS ? what is the confirmatory test ? if you are HIV positive during the screening test do you have HIV/AIDS ? |
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| ELISA = screening test Western Blot = confirmatory test Just because you are HIV+ in the ELISA screening test DOES NOT mean you have HIV/AIDS it is a possible false + |
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| What are the 3 dermatophytes ? which causes athletes foot ? which causes jock itch ? |
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| Microsporium Trichophyton - athletes foot Epidermophyton floccosum - jock itch |
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[image]is this macro or microconidia ? which family does it belong to ? |
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Macroconidia - large spindle shaped spines
Dermatophyte (sueprficial mycoses) - Microsporium
UV light fluorescence blue green
Treat with Allylamines (eg. Lamisil) and Azoles . . . BOTH target the sterols of the membrane |
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[image]Micro or macroconidia ? which family do they belong to ? |
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Macroconidia - club shaped Dermatophytes (superfical mycoses) - Epidermophyton f.
tinea cruris (groin) , pedis (foot), and unguium (nail) |
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What is the causative agent of a superfical infection of the Stratum corneum ?
A sample taken from the infection fluoresces green.[image] |
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Malasazia furfur (lipophilic fungus) "spaghetti and meatballs" Normal flora . . .the ONLY other commensal along with Candida
causes Tinea Versicolor |
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Not a dimorphic fungus
what is its tropism ? [image] |
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Cryptococcus neoformans (systemic mycoses) budding yeast organism Polysaccharide capsule Urease Positive inhalation . . . high risk groups are immunocompromised LUNG TISSUE infected Tropism : Neurotropic for CNS --> Brain Abscess + Meningitis Histological presentation - "fried egg" in brain tissue best demonstrated with INDIA INK
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has single buding yeast cells with Figure 8 nucleus. . . treated with Oral Potassium Iodide (simple method) [image] slide 34 |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis Inhalation . . . soil + birds LUNG TISSUE Most effective treatment is with Amphotericin B, Azoles, and antifungals |
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What is this ? name of fungus ? Characteristic trait of yeast cells ? [image] slide 39 |
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Paracoccidiodes (blastomyces) brasilienis multiple-buding yeast cells has estrogen receptors preventing yeast formation Associated with BATS and ARMADILLOS Inhalation via Soil + plants infects mucous membranes of nose, mouth, anus IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC - development of multiple daughter cells + multiple budding yeast forms (see picture)
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| What is common to all the systemic mycoses ? |
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They all . . .
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What is diagnostic characterisitic of Histoplasma Capsulatum? [image] slide 41 |
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DIAGNOSTIC = Tuberculated Chamydospores Intracellular spores are inhaled LUNG TISSUE in an HIV+ patient , considered an "AIDS defining illness" "flu like" symptoms that can be confused with Miliary TB can lead to Hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. TREAT with Oral itraconazole
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What is fungus is this ? [image] slide 43 |
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Histoplasma capsulatum
intracellular Tuberculated chlamydospores can be seen |
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What is this fungi ? [image] |
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Coccidiodies immitis . . . dimporphic
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What is this fungi ? [image] slide 47 |
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Coccidiodies immitis
Endosporulating spherules |
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| Which of the systemic mycoses can be chronic ? |
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Histoplasma capsulatum
and
Coccidiodies immitis |
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| which opportunistic fungi is NOT thermodimorphic ? |
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Candida
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Penicillin producing ? [image] |
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Aspergillus penicillium
exogenous species
opportunistic
lung tissue and invasion of blood vessel walls surrouunding tissue. |
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| [image] |
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| Candidiasis Albicans |
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Once considered a protozoa , but now known as a fungus. It is insensitive to Amphotericin B. [image] |
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Pneumocystis Carinii
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