question

osteoporosis

answer

bone becomes porous and easy to break

question

osteoarthritis

answer

deterioration of the bones under the cartilage

question

rheumatoid arthritis

answer

destructive disease of the joints causing pain

question

climacteric

answer

middle-aged women passing from reproductive years into menopause

question

menopause

answer

menustration becomes irregular and eventually stops

question

hormone replacement therapy

answer

women take lows doses of estrogen

question

stress and coping paradigm

answer

the model for which coping strategies are studied

question

stress

answer

exceeding your personal, social, or other resources and affects your well being

question

coping

answer

a way to deal with stress

question

type a personality

answer

more competitive, angry, hostile, restless, aggressive; 2twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease

question

type b personality

answer

not competitive, calm, relaxed, not as driven to work hard

question

exercise

answer

slows the aging process

question

aerobic exercise

answer

improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system

question

practical intelligence

answer

how individuals adapt to their physical and social environments

question

Denney's theory

answer

abilities are used and practiced more and are more likely to be done accurately and quickly

question

expert

answer

someone much better at a task than people who put little effort into it

question

encapsulation

answer

connecting the thought processes to the products of thinking

question

extraversion

answer

thriving on social interaction

question

openness to experience

answer

a vivid imagination and dream life, appreciation of artwork

question

agreeableness

answer

being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring

question

conscientiousness

answer

being hard-working, ambitious, energetic, and persevering

question

generativity

answer

desire to be productive by shaping the next generation

question

stagnation

answer

unable to deal with the needs of their children or provide for the next generation

question

kinkeeper

answer

middle-aged women responsible for keeping the family together and getting together on holidays

question

sandwich generation

answer

middle-aged adults caught between taking care of their children and their parents

question

centrality

answer

describing grandparenthood as the most important thing

question

fictive grandparenting

answer

practice allows for adults to fill-in for missing or deceased grandparents

question

demographers

answer

people who study population trends

question

year 2030

answer

number of people over the age of 65 will be greater than all other age groups, and more people will have high school and college degrees

question

longevity

answer

number of years a person will live

question

wear and tear theory

answer

the body simply wears out

question

cellular theories

answer

buildup of toxic cellular substances that cause deteoriation

question

free radicals

answer

chemicals produced by cell division that cause cell damage

question

cross-linking

answer

certain proteins interact with body tissue

question

gender roles

answer

patterns of behavior and traits that define how a female or male should act in a particular society.

question

gender role norms

answer

society's expectation or standards concerning what males and females "should" be like

question

expressive roles

answer

these involve nurturance and empathy, being a mother, teacher, nurse. we typically expect females to be in these roles.

question

instrumental roles

answer

these involve being a protector and provider, such as being the bread winner, doctor, lawyer. we typically expect males to be in these roles

question

gender role stereotypes

answer

over generalized and largely inaccurate beliefs about what males and females "are" like; expectations or beliefs that individuals within a given culture holds about the behaviors that are characteristic of males and females.

question

gender typing

answer

a process by which children become aware that they are biological males or females and acquire the motives, values and patterns of behavior that a given culture considers appropriate for members of the biological sex aka gender role development

question

gender typed behavior

answer

behaving in "gender appropriate" ways

question

gender identity

answer

an awareness that one is either boy or girl, acquired by the time child is 2 1/2 - 3 years old

question

gender

answer

all the features that a society associates with or considers appropriate for being a man or woman.

question

communality

answer

an orientation that emphasizes connectedness to others and includes traits of emotionality and sensitivity to others

question

agency

answer

an orientation toward individual action and achievement that emphasizes traits of dominance, independence, assertiveness and competitiveness.

question

gender similarities hypothesis

answer

states males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables.

question

11 ways males and females differ

answer

1. females sometimes display greater verbal abilities than males, but on most verbal tasks the difference is small. 2. Males outperform females on many test of spatial ability. 3. males and females perform similarly on most standardized math tests and females obtain slightly higher math grades in the classroom, this was not the case historically. 4. Females display greater memory ability than boys. 5. Males engage in more physical and verbal aggression than females, starting as early as 17 months. 6. Boys are more physically active. 7. Boys are more developmentally vulnerable. 8. Girls are more tactful and cooperative, as opposed to being more forceful and demanding, and are more compliant with requests from adults. 9. Both males and females report females are more nurturant and empathetic. 10. Females are more prone to develop anxiety disorders, depression and phobias. Males are more likely to display antisocial behavior and drug and alcohol abuse. 11. Males use the computers more than females and express greater confidence in their computer skills.

question

social role hypothesis

answer

alice eagly - differences in the roles that women and men play in society do a lot to create and maintain gender stereotypes.

question

gender roles and the infant

answer

3-8 months males spend more time looking are truck and females spend more time looking at dolls., 3-4 months can distinguish male and female faces. by 24 months the look longer at males and females performing gender INconsistent activities. by 18 months seem to have an emerging understanding that they are either like other males or like other females, even if they can verbalize it.

question

gender identity

answer

awareness that you are either boy or girl, by 2.5 - 3 years old

question

gender segregation

answer

separating into boys and gilrs peer groups and interacting far more often with their own sex than the other sex

question

gender intensification

answer

gender differences may be magnified by hormonal changes associated with puberty and increased pressure to conform to gender roles. - largely related to peer influence and the growing importance of dating - social pressure to conform to gender stereotypes doesn't have to be real, just the perception can lead to gender intensification.

question

biosocial theory

answer

gender role development theory by Money and Ehrhardt. calls attention to the ways in which biological events influence the development of boys and girls.prenatal hormones. suggest that early biological development influences how people react to a child and that these social reactions then have much to do with children assuming gender roles.

question

androgenized females

answer

girls that were prenatally exposed to excess androgens - were recognized as genetic females and underwent surgery to alter genitals and were raised as girls. 37% described as homo or bi sexual. performed better than other females on test of spatial ability.

question

Who is Robert Sapolsky

answer

biologist that argued that being in an aggressive situation may raise testosterone levels.

question

Is gender role development influenced by biology, social experience and individual behavior?

answer

yes

question

how do infant males and females differ?

answer

males - more active, longer and heavier, more irritable, less neurologically mature. Females are more sensitive to touch, mature physically 2-21/2 years faster, show speedier skeletal development

question

gender role development and the toddler

answer

increased awareness of gender differences, prefer gender typed (appropriate) toys and activities, will actively avoid opposite sex toys (esp boys), greater latitude for cross sex play for girls.

question

gender role development and elementary school years

answer

children play with primarily same sex friends, gender segregation or sex cleavage

question

how do room decorations differ among boys and girls

answer

boys are characterized "toys of the world" girls are characterized as "toys of the home"

question

4 influences in gender role development

answer

1. parents influence us by activities, clothes, toys and room decorations. - most toys bought by parents at christmas are gender neutral - kids request 75% gender typed toys. 2. the child influences by what they pursue 3. biology 4. media influences - age 5 and udner watch 25.5 hrs week. shows on tv still conform to gender stereotypes.

question

gender constancy

answer

age 5-7, children understand that their biological sex will stay the same, before this age they believed if you dress different it can change. from book - demonstrated by very few 3-5 year olds, about half of 6-7 year olds and majority of 8-9 year olds.

question

social learning theory and gender development

answer

children learn masculine and feminine identities and preferences in 2 ways. 1. through differential reinforcement where children are rewarded for sex appropriate behaviors and punished for behaviors considered more appropriate for members of the opposite sex. 2. through observational learning where children adopt the attitudes and behaviors of same sex models.

question

cognitive theory and gender development

answer

cognitive theorists emphasize the cognitive aspects of gender role development, stating that as children acquire an understanding of gender, they "teach" themselves to be girls or boys.

question

kohlberg

answer

cognitive theorist - children first understand they are boys or girls and then they actively seek same sex models and a range of information about how to act like a boy or girl.

question

gender stability

answer

cognitive theory - age 4 - they learn gender identity is stable over year - boys become men girls become woman

question

gender consistency

answer

age 5-7 gender is stable across all situations

question

what is gender schema theory

answer

martin and halverson - cognitive threory -believe children self socialization starts as soon as child acquires gender identity at 2 or 3. kohlberg said it starts at older age 5-7.

question

gender schema

answer

organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that influence the kinds of information they will attend to and remember. "is this for boys or girls" answer dictates if they reject or embrace

question

psychological androgyny

answer

by a balancing or blending of both agentic and communal traits

question

what percent of adults are androgynous

answer

1/3 are. 1/3 are traditionally gender typed

question

are androgynous adults more flexible?

answer

bem yes. also have higher self esteem, and perceived as better adjusted than their traditionally gender typed peers.

question

parental imperative

answer

david gutmann - hypothesis that gender roles and gender related traits in adulthood are shaped by the requirement that mothers and fathers adopt different roles to raise children successfully. men are agentic women are communal.

question

androgyny shift

answer

instead of giving up traits as you as, you add to them and become more balanced

question

what age to boys and girls first feel sexual attraction?

answer

age 10 - herdt and mcclintock - due to maturation of adrenal glands. comes before puberty and is critical in sexual development. adrenal glands mature around 6-8 and produce low amounts of androgens.

question

personality

answer

organized combination of attributes, motives, values and behaviors unique to each individuals

question

dispositional traits

answer

...

question

3 aspects to personality

answer

1.dispostional traits (extraversion or introversion), 2. characteristic adaptions (ways people adapt to their roles and environment) 3. narrative identities ( "life stories" to give ourselves and identity and make sense of our lives)

question

self concept

answer

you "perception", positive or negative, of your unique attributes and traits as a person "what I am" "your perception of how athletic you are"

question

self esteem

answer

your overall evaluations of your worth, high or low, based on all the positive and negative self-perceptions that make up your self concept. "how good am I" "how you feel about how athletic you are"

question

identity

answer

an overall sense of who you are, where you are heading and how you fit into society

question

Freud - psychoanalytic approach to personality

answer

was formed in first 5 years. anxieties arise from harsh parenting and unfavorable early experiences and leave a permanent mark. 3 parts to personality 1. selfish id, 2. rational ego, 3. moralistic superego. emphasized importance of biology. suggested universal stages of psychosexual development. his theory ends at sexual maturity.

question

Erikson - psychoanalytic approach to personality

answer

emphasis on social influences such as peers, teachers and cultures. possibilities of overcoming effects of early childhood trauma. developed a stage theory that covered the life-span. includes crisis oriented stages that result from maturational forces combined with social elements.

question

erikson 8 stages

answer

0-1 trust vs. mistrust Can I trust others 1-3 autonomy vs. shame and doubt Can I act on my own? 3-6 initiative vs. guilt Can I carry out my plans successfully? 6-12 industry vs. inferiority Am I competent compared to others, social comparisons 12-20 identity vs. role confusion Who am I, really? 20-40 intimacy vs. isolation Am I ready for a relationship? 40-65 generativity vs. stagnation Have I left my mark? 65+ integrity vs. despair In the end, has my life been meaningful.

question

Trait Theory and personality

answer

based on psychometric approach and guided the development of intelligence test. personality is set of depositional trait dimensions or continua along with people can differ. personality traits are relatively enduring, similar to psychoanalytic. different from psychoanalytic because don't believe personality unfolds in series of stages.

question

Big Five

answer

Five personality dimensions - 1. openness to experience, conscientiousness, extra version, agreeableness, neuroticism

question

social learning approach to personality

answer

bandura & mischel reject universal stage. they emphasize people change with environment. personality boils down to set of behavioral tendencies shaped by interactions with other people in specific social situations. different situation, different personality. importance of consequences of behaviors and models. in general, personality development is a very individual process whose direction depends upon each person's social experiences and social environments.

question

infant personality milestones

answer

1-2- months- able differentiate self from world. 6 months-discover properties of thier physical selves. 6-12 months-realize they and companion are separate beings.18 months- recognize themselves visually as distinct individuals.18-24months- infants show clear evidence of self-recognition and are aware of who they are.

question

self recognition

answer

the ability to recognize oneself in the mirror or photograph. ig you put a red dot on nose older infants will touch their own nose as they see themselves separate from the mirror. 15-24 months see baby in the mirror as another baby.

question

categorical self

answer

18-24 months - classifying oneself into social categories based on age, sex and other visible characteristics. "like me" "not like me"

question

when is self awareness achieved?

answer

18-24 months. toddlers who recognize themselves in teh mirror are better able to do these 3 things: talk about themselves and assert their will. experience self conscious emotions such as pride or embarrassment. coordinate their own perspectives with those of other people-communicate with playmate by imitating actions

question

temperament

answer

early, genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as the building blocks of personality. - used to describe an infants personality.

question

what are the 3 temperaments for infants?

answer

thomas and chess are the first to attempt to characterize infants temperaments. gathered information about 9 dimensions of infant behavior. most infants fit in three categories 1. 40% easy temperaments- happy and content, regular feedings, like strangers. 2. 10% difficult temperament- active, irritable, react negatively to changes of routine, cry frequently. become impulsive adolescents and adults who don't get along well with others 3. 15% slow to warm temperament- slow to adapt but don't react as intensely as difficult temperaments.

question

5 dimensions of infant behavior

answer

thomas chess - 1. typical mood 2. regularity or predictability of biological functions such as feeding and sleeping habits. 3. tendency to approach or withdraw from new stimuli, 4. intensity of emotional reactions 5 adaptability to new experiences and changes in routine. see page 2 on chapter 11 powerpoint.

question

behavioral inhibition

answer

kagan tendency to be extremely shy, restrained and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations. this is biologically rooted. high heart rates and strong brain responses in reaction to unfamiliar stimuli.

question

three dimensions of temperament

answer

mary rothbart - 1st two are evident in infancy, last in toddlerhood or early childhood. 1. Surgency/extraversion - tendency to actively and energetically approach new experiences in a emotionally positive way (rather then being inhibited and withdrawn. 2. negative affectivity - the tendency to sad, fearful, easily frustrated and irritable (as opposed to laid back and adaptable) 3. effortful control - the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, control ones' behavior and plan a course of action and regulate or suppress one's emotions.

question

goodness of fit

answer

thomas and chess - when child temperament and environment match well. if high strung kid then with laid back parents

question

what age to kids start to use pronouns?

answer

age 2. i, me, my, mine

question

preschool emerging self concept would describe

answer

physical characteristics, physical activities and accomplishments and preferences. self conceptions become more sophisticated around age 8 and are capable of social comparison.

question

social comparison

answer

using information about how they compare with other individuals to characterize and evaluate themselves. the preschooler who says she can hit a baseball becomes the elementary school child who says she can hit the ball better that her teammates.

question

who is Susan harter?

answer

she established self perception scales for use across the life span and has found that self esteem becomes more differentiated or multidimensional with age.

question

preschooler and self esteem

answer

harter - distinguish only two broad aspects of self esteem - their competence and their personal and social adequacy. elementary school - 5 aspects of self esteem - scholastic competence, social acceptance, behavioral conduct, athletic competence, and physical appearance.

question

ideal self

answer

what we think we should be. with age the gap between the real self and ideal self increases.

question

is self esteem and inheritable trait?

answer

yes. you can also experience you are competent or get more positive social feedback.

question

who seem to be have most self esteem?

answer

children who are securely attached to parents who are warm and democratic.

question

behavior inhibition in preschool predicts what?

answer

low extraversion in middle school and negative affectivity is related later to neuroticism.

question

do self descriptions become less physical as you age?

answer

yes. they become more psychological. they go from "i have brown eyes" to "i am lonely"

question

do self portraits become less concrete and more abstract as you age?

answer

yes

question

do adolescents have a more differentiated self concept ?

answer

yes. social self reflect large social group, acceptance by large peer group, acceptance by close friends and acceptance by romantic partners.

question

do adolescents become more self aware?

answer

yes

question

personality trait

answer

dispositions assumed to be a relatively consistent across situations and time (sociability, independence, anxiety)

question

material self

answer

visible or tangible features of yourself and includes your possessions, physical activities and accomplishments. "i have brown hair, i am married, i have 2 children" young children describe themselves this way.

question

social self

answer

your characteristics as far as interactions with others "i am outgoing, i think i am funny, i am cooperative, i like to talk a lot" older children and adolescents describe themselves this way.

question

psychological self

answer

your "inner"self, your disposition, beliefs, attitudes and values " i am a hard worker, i'm conscientious, analytic, i am not very impulsive" adolescents and adults use all three "selves" to describe themselves.

question

looking glass self

answer

our understanding of self is reflection of how other people respond to us, that is our self concepts are the images cast by a social mirror.

question

3 temperaments by buss and plomin

answer

1. emotionality - is baby emotionally reactive and easily and intensely irritated by events...or not. 2. activity - is baby highly active...or sluggish. 3. sociability - is baby sociable, interested in and responsive to people...or is he standoffish? 4.

question

by 3rd grade children differentiate which 5 aspects of self worth?

answer

1. scholastic competence 2. Social acceptance 3. behavioral conduct 4. athletic competence 5. musical appearance

question

6 reasons children have high self esteem

answer

1. are more competent and socially attractive to others 2. receive more positive social feedback 3. have parents who are loving. 4. have parents who frequently communicate approval and acceptance 5. have parents who are likely to help their children think positively about themselves 6. have parents who enforce clearly stated rules of behavior while allowing their children to express their opinions and participate openly in decision making

question

how do adolescents self concepts differ from the child. 5 ways

answer

1. self descriptions become less physical and more psychological 2. self descriptions become less concrete and more abstract 3. they are more self aware 4. more differentiated self concept 5. they have a more integrated. coherent self portrait.

question

how do adults self concepts differ from the adolescent.

answer

they have a generally good, stable self image by 1. adjusting their ideal self to be more inline with their real self 2. they evaluate themselves with different standards, their goals and standards change as they age 3. the people with whom they compare themselves to changes.

question

what is levinson stage theory of adult development?

answer

the unfolding of an individual life structure - an overall pattern of life that reflects the person's priorities and relationships with other people and the larger society.

question

mid life crisis

answer

levinson - 40-45 a questioning of one's entire life structure and raising unsettling issues about where one has been ans where one is going. time of inner struggles and disturbing realizations.

life-span Human Development Ch 11-14 – Flashcards

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