question

Chpt 18 Review: Developmentalist have used 3 approaches to explain cogntive development; the _______approach, the ______ approach, and the _________- ____________approach. In this chapter, Kathleen Berger emphasize the ____________approach.

answer

stage; pscychometric; information-processing;stage The stage approach dscribe ***** in the nature of thought. The psychometric approach anyalzyes intelligence via IQ tests and other measures. The information-processing approach studies encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

question

2. Compared with adolescent thinking, adult thinking is more ______, _______ and ___________,

answer

practical, flexible; dialectical

question

3. Reasoning that is adapted to the subjective real life contexts to which it is applied is called _________ ___________. It is characterized by problem _______, not just problem ___________. Emerging adults struggle with the problem of planning ahead, or ______ _______.

answer

postformal thought; finding;solving;time management

question

The logical error in which people under value, or ignore, future consequences in favor of more immediate gratification is called ___________ ___________. Psychoactive drugs such as _______ and ________make this error ________ (more/less) likely.

answer

delay discounting; alcohol; marijuana; more

question

Scholars ________(agree/do not agres) that there are stages of adult cognition. Several studies have found that adults _____________(do/do not) think in ways that adolescents ______(do/do not). One study found that although logical skills stay steady after emerging adulthood, __________ _______ continues to advance.

answer

do not agree; do ; do not; social understanding

question

Developmentalists distinquish between _______ ________thinking, which arises from the __________experiences and ____________of an individual, and __________thinking, which follows abstract ___________.

answer

subjective; personal; perceptions; objective; logic

question

The difference between adolescent and young adult reasoning is particularly apparent for reasoning requiring the integration of _________ and __________.

answer

emotion; logic

question

In contrast to adolescent inflexibility regarding personal experiences, adults are more likely to demonstrate _________ _______when suggesting solutions to real-life problems. One of the hallmarks of post-formal thought is the ability to find ________ _______to practical problems.

answer

cognitive flexibility (or flexible problem solving); multiple solutions

question

This cognitive ability is crucial to countering _____________. Researcher have found that adults have become ______________(more/less)prejudiced about race. When there are possibility of being negatively sterotyped arouses emotions that disrupt cognition, __________ __________ has occurred.

answer

sterotypes; less; stereotype threat

question

Stereotype threat can make ________and ___________doubt their intellectual ability. As a result,they may become ______in academic contexts and perform below their __________. Research studies have shown that intellectual performance among students increases if they _____________the concept that intelligence is plastic and can be changed.

answer

women, minorities; anxious; potential; internalize

question

Some theorists consider _________________ __________ the most advanced form of cognition. This thinking recognizes that every idea, or __________, implies an opposing idea, or ______________; These are then forged into a _________of the two. This type of thinking fosters the view that lifespan change is multidirectional, ongoing, and often surprising - that is, a __________dialectical process. This type of thinking is more often found in ____________ aged people than in ________adults.

answer

dialectical thought; thesis ; antithesis; synthesis; dynamic; middle; emerging

question

Some researchers believe that some ________encourage flexible, dialectical reasoning more than others. According to this view, ancient _______philosophy has led Europeans to use __________ _________, whereas ____________ and __________have led Asians to think more ______________.

answer

cultures; greek; analytic logic; Confucianism; Taoism; dialectically

question

Concluding her comparison of postformal thinking with Piaget's cognitive stages, Lynn notes that

answer

d. postformal thinking is characterized by "problem finding." & formal operational thinking is characterized by "problem solving." & intuitive, postformal thinking is used when logical reasoning is too cumbersome.

question

Which of the following is an example of responding to a sterotype threat?

answer

b. Feeling angered that others may think him less capable because of his ethnicity. Liam becomes flustered when trying to solve a problem in front of the class.

question

Dr. Polaski studies how thinking during adulthood is at a different level than that of adolescence. Evidently, Dr. Polaski follows the __________ approach to the study of development.

answer

a. stage b Psychometric: this approach analyzes components of intelligence such as those measures of IQ tests. c. cognitive: Each of these approaches is cognitive in nature d. information-processing:this approach studies the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information throughout life.

question

When she was younger, May-Ling believed that "Honesty is always the best policy," She now realizes that although honesty is desirable, it is not always the best policy. May-Ling's current thinking is an example of ______________thought.

answer

b. dialectical May-Lin has formed a synthesis between the thesis that honesty is the best policy and its antithesis a. formal: this is an example of postformal rather than formal thinking c&d. mythic-literal and conjunctive. These are stages in the development of faith as proposed by James Fowler.

question

Research demonstrate that which of the following is effective in reducing stereotype threat among college students?

answer

d. creating educational environments among students who have gender in common - creating educational environments among students who have race in common - interventions that help students internalize the concept that intelligence can change (All of these conditions are effective in reducing stereotype threat).

question

In concluding his paper on postformal thinking, Stanley notes that

answer

a. postformal thinking is not the same kind of universal, age-related stage that Piaget described for earlier cognitive growth. B. Because post-formal thinking is typical of adult thought, this is untrue (very few adults attain this highest stage of reasoning) c. It is exactly this sort of problem that fosters postformal thinking.(most everyday problems require sensitivity to subjective feelings and therefore do not foster postformal thinking.

question

According to many reasearchers, moral reasoning and religious beliefs are affected by adult _____________, _____________and ________________. Research by one expert indicates that one catalyst for propelling young adults from a lower moral stage to a higher one is ___________.

answer

responsibilities,experiences; education; college

question

Carol Gilligan believes that in matters of moral reasoning, ______________(males/females) tend to be more concerned with the quesion of rights and justice, whereas _______________(males/females) are more concerned with personal relationship. In her view, women are raised to develop a morality of ___________,while men are taught to develop a morality of ______________. Other research ____________(does/does not) support Gilligan's description of gender differences in morality. Other factors,such as education, specific dilemmas, and _______________, correlate more strongly with morality.

answer

males ; females; care ; justice; does not ; culture

question

Other moral issues that contemporary adults are likely to confront arise from increasing ___________and advance ____________, including satellite videos, international music, and the __________.

answer

globalization; communication; Internet

question

The current approach to research on moral reasoning is based on a series of questions about moral reasoning called the ________ _________ ___________. In general,scores on this test increase with _____________.

answer

Defining Issues Test; age

question

The theorist who has outlined six stages in the development of faith is ___________

answer

Jame Fowler

question

Identify and briefly describe each stage in the development of faith: Stage 1 - Stage 6.

answer

1) Intuitive-projective faith is magical, illogical, filled with fantasy, and typical of children age 3 to 7 . 2) Mythic-literal faith, which is typical of middle childhood, is characterized by taking the myths and stories of religion literally. 3) Synthetic-conventional faith is a nonintellectual acceptance of cultural or religious values in the context of interpersonal relationships. 4) individual-reflective faith is characterized by intellectual detachment from the values of culture and the approval of significant others. 5) Conjunctive faith incorporates both powerful unconscious ideas and rational, conscious values. 6) Universalizing faith is characterized by a powerful vision of universal compassion, justice, and love that leads people to put their own personal welfare aside in an effort to serve these values.

question

Although Fowler's stage theory of faith ________(is/is not) totally accepted, the idea that religion plays an important role in human development ________________(is/is not)

answer

is not; is

question

Emerging adults are ______________(more/less)likely than older or younger people to attend religious services and to pray

answer

less

question

Carol Gilliagn's research suggests that the individual who is most likely to allow the context of personal relationships to wholly determine moral decision is a

answer

b. 20 yr old woman a&c.(20 yr old man & 40 year old man) According to Gillian, males tend to be more concerned with human rights and justice than with human needs and personal relationships, which are more the concern of females. d. (Gilligan does not deal with gender differences in moral thinking) Just the opposite is true of gilligan's research.

question

Jack's Uncle believes strongly in God but recognizes that other, equally moral people do not. The openness of his faith places him in which of Fowler's stages?

answer

b. conjunctive faith

question

In Fowler's theory, at the highest stage of faith development, people incorporate into their lives a powerful vision of compassion for others. This stage is called

answer

d. universalizing faith.

question

Cognitive Growth and higher Education Compared with other adults, college graduates tend to be ________and _____. In terms of health behaviors, college graduates smoke _________(more/less), eat __________(better/worse), exercise _______________(more/less) , and live __________________(longer/shorter) lives. They are also more likely to be spouses,homeowners, and _______ ______- ______ _____. Briefly outline the year by year progression how the thinking of college students becomes more flexible and tolerant.

answer

healthier; wealthier; less; better; more; longer; parents of healthy children First yr. students often believe that there are clear and perfect truths to be found. This phase is followed by a wholesale questioning of personal and social values. Finally, after considering opposite ideas, students become committed to certain values, at the same time realizing the need to remain open-minded..

question

William Perry found that the thinking of students, over the course of their college careers, progressed throught___________levels of complexity.

answer

nine

question

Research has shown that the more years of higher education a person has, the deeper and more ____that person's reasoning is likely to become.

answer

dialectical

question

Worldwide, the number of students who receive higher education _______(has increased/has not increased) since the first half of the twentieth century.

answer

has increased

question

Collegiate populations have become _____________(more/less) diverse in recent years. College majors also are changing, with fewer students concentrating on the _____________ and more on _____ and the _______. The structure of higher education also ______(has changed/remains the same).

answer

more;liberal arts; bussiness;professions; has changed

question

(Table 18.3) In his scheme of cognitive and ethical development. Perry describes a position in which the college student says, "I see I'm going to have to make my own decisions in an uncertain world with no one to tell me I'm right. "This position marks the culmination of a phase of

answer

c. relativism 1yr college students are more likely to believe this is so c&d. over the course of their college careers, students become less likely to do either of these.

question

Research suggest that a college sophomore or junior is most likely to have reached a phase in which he or she

answer

b. questions personal and social values, and even the idea of truth itself.

question

Who would be the most likely to agree with the statement, "college can be a powerful stimulus to cognitive growth"?

answer

d. perry

question

Spike is in his 3rd yr at a private, religious liberal arts college, while his brother Lee is in his 3rd yr at a public, secular community college. In terms of their cognitive growth, what is the most likely outcome?

answer

c. All other things being equal, spike an Lee will develop quite similarly.

question

In concluding her presentation on "The College Student of Today." Coretta states that

answer

- The number of students in higher education has increased significantly in virtually every country worldwide. - There are more low-income and ethnic-minority students today than ever before. - There are more women and minority instructors than ever before. - all of these statements are true.

question

Which of the following would be most helpful to know about a person in prediting whether the individual will go to college and graduate?

answer

c. household income

question

PT1. 18 Chapter 1. Differences in the reasoning maturity of adolescents and young adults are most likely to be apparent when

answer

d. emotionally charge issues are involved. - low-SES and high-SES groups are compared. - ethnic-minority adolescents and adults are compared - ethnic-majority adolescents and adults are compared.: socioeconomic status and tehnicity do not predict reasoning maturity.

question

2. Which of the following is NOT one of the major approaches to the study of adult cognition described in the text?

answer

c. the systems approach

question

3. Compared with adolescent thinking, adult thinking tends to be

answer

d. more flexible & more pratical & more dialectical.

question

4 A hallmark of mature adult thought is

answer

b. the reconciliation of both objective and subjective approaches to real-life problems.

question

5. According to James Fowler, the experience of college often is a springboard to

answer

c. individiual-reflective faith

question

Which approach to adult cognitive development focuses on life-span changes in the efficiency of encoding, storage,and retrieval?

answer

b. information-processing a. State: this approach emphasizes the emergence of a new stage of thinking that builds on the skills of formal operational thinking. c. psychometric:This approach analyzes the measurable components of intelligence. d. dialectical:This is a type of thinkng rather than an approach to the study of cognitive devlopment

question

Postformal thinking is most useful for solving ___problems

answer

c. everyday a,b,d: science, mathematics, abstract, logical: Because of its more analytical nature, formal thinking is most useful for solving these types of problems.

question

The term or the kind of thinking that involves the consideration of both poles of an idea and their reconciliation, or synthesis, in a new idea is

answer

d. dialectical thinking. a. subjective thinking: Thinking that is subjective relies on personal reflection rather than objective observation b. postformal thought: Although dialectical thinking is characteristic of postformal thought, this question refers specifically to dialectical thinking. c. adaptive resoning: Adaptive reasonig, which also is a characteristic of postformal thought, goes beyond mere logic in solving problems to also explore real-life complexities and contextual circumstances.

question

9. Thesis is to antithesis as _____________is to ___________.

answer

a. a new idea; an opposing idea

question

10. Which of the following adjective best describe cognitive development during adulthood.

answer

a. multidirectional and dynamic b&c linear & steady: . Comparatively speaking, linear and steady are more descriptive of childhood and adolescent cognitive development.

question

11. Which of the following most accurately describes postformal thought?

answer

c. a form of logical that combines subjectivity and objectivity.

question

12. The Defining Issues Test is a

answer

d. test that assesses the impact of life events on cognitive growth and moral reasoning.

question

13. According to Carol Gilligan

answer

c. moral reasoning advances during adulthood in response to the more complex moral dilemma that life poses. a.(in matters of moral reasoning, females tend to be more concerned with the question of rights and justice) in Gilligan's theory, this is more true of males than females b. ( in matters of moral reasoning, males tend to put human needs above principles of justice. Gilligan's theory, this is more true of females than males.

question

14. College today have become

answer

d. larger & more career oriented & diverse.

question

15. Research has revealed that a typical outcome of college education is that students become

answer

c. more committed to a particular value. Although they become more committed, they realize they need to remain open-minded.

question

Chpter 18: 1. Only 9 percent of low-income students have a bachelor's degree by age 24

answer

T

question

2. Most people are ususally aware of their sterotypes.

answer

F People are often unaware of their sterotypes

question

3. After their early 20s, most adults are mature enough to know to drink alcohol in moderation.

answer

T

question

4. Because they recognize the changing and subjective nature of beliefs and values, dialectical thinkers avoid making personal or intellectual commitments.

answer

F dialectical thinkers recognize the need to make commitments to values even thought these values will change over time.

question

5. The process of moral thinking improves with age.

answer

T

question

6. In developed nations in 2010, almost one in two emerging adults earneds a degree.

answer

T

question

7. Postformal thought is less absolute and less abstract than formal thought

answer

T

question

8. Mythic-literal faith, like other "lower" stages in the development of faith, is not generally found past adolescence.

answer

F May adults remain in the "lower" stages of faith, which, like "higher" stages, allow for attaining strength and wholeness

question

9. Students who internalize that intelligence is plastic are less likely to experience sterotype threat.

answer

T

question

10. Moral values are powerfully affected by circumstances.

answer

T

question

11. Delay discounting occurs at every age.

answer

T

question

Chapter 17: PT2: 1. The early 20s are the peak years for

answer

d. hard physcial work & problem-free reproduction & athletic performance

question

2. Serial monogamy refers to the practice among sexually active adults of

answer

b. having one steady partner at a time

question

3. The process of aging, or senescence, begins

answer

d. as soon as full growth is reached

question

4. Maximum strength potential typically begins to decline by age:

answer

a. 25

question

5. Normally, the average resting heart rate for both men and women

answer

d. remains stable until late adulthood

question

6. During emerging adulthood, people follow patterns of development and behavior that vary by

answer

d. age, culture and cohort

question

7. During emerging adulthood, many age differences in behavior and development.

answer

a. result more from social factors than from biological ones.

question

8. Most people in the United states believe that the main purpose of sex is

answer

b. to strengthen pair bonding.

question

9. A loss of interest of pleasure in most activities that lasts for two weeks or more is likely to be diagnosed as

answer

d. major depression a. social phobia is a fear of talking to people. b. Depression is a mood disorder c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder.

question

10. The disorder characerized by disorganized thought, delusions, and hallucinations is

answer

c. schizophrenia a,b,d; post-traumatic stress disorder & anxiety disorder & obsessive-compulsive disorder: Post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder are anxiety disorders and do not have these symptoms.

question

11. Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?

answer

d. major depression Major depression is a mood disorder; the other disorders are all anxiety diorders.

question

The social norms approach refers to 12.

answer

b. an approach to prevention that increases young adults' awareness of social norms for risky behavior. c. the ratio between a person's weight and height: This the body mass index.

question

13. Professor Whelan believes that schizophreniz and other disoders are caused by the interaction from stress and an underlying biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predispostion. This belief is the basis of which model?

answer

a. diathesis-stress (taught is chapter 18 - tested in chapter 17)

question

14. Rates of drug abuse, except when it involves alcohol use and cigarette smoking, often fall

answer

c. over the years of adulthood

question

15. Occupations or activities that require a degree of risk or danger are referred to as

answer

b. edgework

question

Matching Items: 1. senscence

answer

g. age-related decline

question

2. homeostasis

answer

e. a state of physiological equilibrium

question

3. organ reserve

answer

d. extra capacity for responding to stressfull events

question

4. set point

answer

j. the body weight that a person's homeostatic processes strive to maintain.

question

5. edgework

answer

b. an occupation that requires a degree of risk

question

6. drug abuse

answer

a. using a drug to the extent of impairing one's well-being

question

7. body mass index

answer

h. the ratio of a person's weight divided by his or her height.

question

8. drug addiction

answer

k. a condition in which the absence of a drug triggers withdrawal symptoms.

question

9. anorexia nervosa

answer

i. a BMI below 18

question

10. obesity

answer

f. a BMI above 30 (20 to 25) average

question

11. extreme sports

answer

c. recreation that includes apparent risk of injury or death.

question

Key Terms: 1. emerging adulthood

answer

is the period of life between the ages of 18 and 25.

question

2. senescence

answer

is age-related gradual physical decline throughout the body.

question

3. homeostasis

answer

refers to the process by which body functions are automatically adjusted to keep our physiological functioning in a state of balance.

question

4. organ reserve

answer

is the extra capacity of each body organ for responding to unusually stressful events or conditions that demand intense or prolonged effort.

question

5. diathesis-stress model

answer

is the view that mental disorders are caused by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability with stressful environmental factors and life events.

question

6. hikikomori

answer

is a japanese word meaning "ull awa," referring to a common anxiety disorder in japan in which emerging adults refuse to leave their rooms for months or even years at a time.

question

7. set point

answer

is the specific body weight that a person's homeostatic processes strive to maintain.

question

8.body mass index (BMI)

answer

is the ratio of a person's weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters squared.

question

9. edgework

answer

refers to recreational aactivities and occupations that entail some risk or danger.

question

10. extreme sports

answer

are forms of recreation that include apparent risk of injury or death and are attractive and thrilling as a result.

question

11. drug abuse

answer

is drug use to the exent of impairing the user's biological or psychological health.

question

12 drug addiction

answer

is evident in a person when the absence of a drug in his or her body produces the drive to ingest more of the drug.

question

13. social norms approach

answer

to reducing risky behaviors uses survey data regarding the prevalence of risky behaviors to make emerging adults more aware of social norms within their peer group.

question

Chapter 18 Progress Test 2: 1 Which approach to adult cognitive development emphasizes the analysis of components of intelligence?

answer

b. psychometric a. postformal: this approach emphasizes the possible emergence in adulthood of new stages of thinking that build on the skills of earlier stages. c. information-processing:This approach studies the encoding, storage, and retrieveal of information throughout life.

question

2. Which approach to adult cognitive development "picks up where Piaget left off"?

answer

c. post formal

question

3. As adult thinking becomes more focused on occupational and interpersonal demands, it also become LESS inclined toward

answer

a. inflexibility: b&c. (dialectical thought & adaptive thought) During adulthood, thinking typically become more dialectical and adaptive

question

4. The result of dialectical thinking is a view that

answer

b. life-span change is dynamic a&c: On the contrary, a dialectic view recognizes the limitations of extreme relativism and that one's self evolves continuously.

question

5. The existence of a fifth, postformal stage of cognitive development during adulthood

answer

c. remains controversial among developmental researchers.

question

6. Formal operational thinking is most useful for solving problems that

answer

a. involve logical relationships or theoretical possiblities b,c,d:(require integrative skills & involve the synthesis of diverse issues & require seeing perspectives other than one's own) Post formal thought is most useful for solving problems such as these

question

7. College seems to make people more accepting of other people's attitudes because it

answer

b. promotes recognition of many perspectives. The impact of college on self-esteem and extroversion were not discussed. Moreover, it is unclear how such an impact would make a person more accepting of others.

question

8. The goal of dialectical thinking is forging a (n) ____from oppoosing poles of an idea.

answer

c. synthesis a. A theiss is a new idea b. An anthithes is an idea that opposes a particular thesis d. hypothesis, which are testable predictions abouut behavior, are not an aspect of dialectical thinking.

question

9. Formal operational thinking is to postformal thinking as ______is to __________-.

answer

b. adolescence : adulthood

question

10. According to James Fowler, which type of faith is typical of middle childhood?

answer

b. mythic-literal a. Intuitive-projective faith is typical of children ages 3 to 7 c&d. Synthetic-conventional faith and individual-reflective faith are more typical of adulthood.

question

11. According to James Fowler, individual-reflective faith is marked by

answer

d. the beginnings of independent questioning of teachers and other figures of authority. a. (a willingness to accept contradictions)This describes conjunctive faith b. ( a burning need to enunciate universal values)This describes universalizing faith c. (a literal, wholehearted belief in myths and symbols)This describes mythic-lteral faith.

question

12. Moral principles that judge right and wrong in absolute terms constitute a

answer

b. morality of compassion

question

13. According to James Fowler, the simplest stage of faith is the stage of

answer

b. intuitive-projective faith

question

14. Many of the problems of adult life are characerized by ambiguity, partial truths, and extenuating circumstances, and therefore are often best solved using ________thinking.

answer

c. postformal a. Formal thinking is best suited to solving problems that require logic and analytical thinking. b&d: (reintegrative & executive) These terms are not discussed in the text

question

15. A classic study by Perry showed that the thinking of students in college progresses through how many levels of complexity?

answer

b. 9

question

Key Terms: Writing Definitions 1. postformal thought

answer

Proposed by some developmentalists as a fifth stage of cognitive development, postformal thought is suited to solving real-world problems and is more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical than adolescent thought.

question

2. delay discounting

answer

is a logical error in which people under value, or ignore, future consequences in favor of more immediate gratification

question

3. subjective thought

answer

is thinking that arises from our personal experiences and perceptions.

question

4. objective thought

answer

is thinking that follows abstract, impersonal logic

question

5. stereotype threat

answer

is the possiblility that ones' appearance or behavior may be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitude.

question

6. dialectical thought

answer

is the most advanced cognitive process that involves considerig both poles of an idea (thesis and antithesis) simultaneously and then forging them into a synthesis.

question

7. thesis

answer

The first stage of dialectical thinking, a thesis is aproposition or statement of belief.

question

8. antithesis

answer

A statement that contradicts the thesis, antithesis is the second stage of dialectical thinking

question

9. synthesis

answer

The final stage of dialectical thinking, the synthesis reconciles thesis and antithesis into a new more comprehensive level of truth.

question

10. morality of care

answer

According to Carol Gilligan, women are raised to develop a morality of care: they give human needs and relationships highest priority.

question

11. morality of justice

answer

According to Carol Gilligan, men are raised to develop a morality of justice; their emphasis on distingishing right from wrong.

question

12. Defining Issues Test

answer

The DIT is a seris of questions developed by James Rest about moral dilemmas used to assess moral reasoning.

question

Cross Check: 1. Stage of faith in which a person has a powerful vision of compassion, justice,and love that applies to all people.

answer

universalizing

question

7. The final stage of dialectical thinking

answer

synthesis

question

8. A proposition or statement of belief

answer

thesis

question

13. Theorist who believes that as their life experiences expand, both males and famales broaden their moral perspecitves.

answer

Gilligan

question

15. Types of thinking that arises from the personal experiences and perceptions of an individual

answer

subjective

question

Down; 2. Faith that is magical, illogical, imaginative, and filled with fantasy.

answer

intuitive-projective

question

3. Thinking that involves consideration of both poles of an idea simultaneously.

answer

dialectical

question

4. Theorist who delineated six stage of faith

answer

Fowler

question

5. Thinking that is suited to solving real world problems and is less abstract, less absolute, and more integrative and synthestic than formal thought.

answer

postformal

question

6. Test of moral reasoning that consists of a series of question about moral dilemmas

answer

Defining Issues

question

9. Approach to adult congition that analyzes components of intelligence such as those measured by IQ tests.

answer

psychometric

question

10. Second stage of dialectical thinking

answer

antithesis

question

11. Thinking that follows abstract, impersonal logic.

answer

objective

question

12. During early adulthood, the experience that deepens thinking and leads people to become more tolerant of view that differ from their own.

answer

college

question

Theorist who described the progressive changes in thinking during the college years.

answer

Perry

question

Chronological age

answer

is an imperfect boundary in adulthood. That is why they use 3 main research tradtions : stage approach; psychometric approach; information-processing approach.

question

Chapter 18: focuses on

answer

postformal thought

question

Chapter 21: focuses on

answer

psychometrics - age related, education

question

Chapter 24: focuses on

answer

information processing - including wisdom and demetia

question

Thinking in adulthood different from earlier thinking in 3 major ways

answer

more practical more flexible more dialectical

question

5th stage of cognitive development is the 3 major ways of thinking

answer

This occurs gradually - no particular yr or decade - normally in emerging adulthood that a person first develops the ability to think this way.

question

Postformal thought

answer

a stage of cognitive development, following Piage'ts four stages, that goes beyond adolescent thining by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialtectical (that is, more capable of combining contradictory elements into a comprehensive whole)

question

5th stage of formal operations

answer

includes necessary subjectivity along with the 3 major ways of thinking: Practical, more flexible and more dialectical

question

p. 492: postformal thought:

answer

originated because several developmentalists agreed that Piaget's fourth stage of formal operational thought was inadequate to describe adult thinking - geve us 5th stage

question

5th stage

answer

problem finding - not just wherein a person is more open to ideas and less concerned with absolute right and wrong.

question

postformal thought

answer

"one can conceive of multiple logics, choices, or perceptions,. .. in order to better understand the complexitries inherent biases in truth."

question

postformal thinkier do not wait for someone else to present a problem to solve,

answer

they take more fleible and comprehensive approach instead, - with consdieration of dealing with them rather than denying, avoiding,, or procrastinating. As a result, postformal thought is more practical as well as more creative and imaginative htan is thought inprevious stage.

question

chpt 15; adolescents use 2 odes of though

answer

dual processing, but combining them is difficult.

question

They may use formal analysis to distil universal truths, develop arguments, and resolve the world's problems or they may

answer

think spontaneously and emotionally, but they do not combine the two.

question

adolescent may join demonstration against genocide in Darfur

answer

but may forget to prepare for a chemistry test.

question

formal analysis

answer

to distill univversal truths, develop arguments, and resolve the worls problme.

question

Teenagers have difficulty

answer

setting prioritities. They prefer quick responses. The can analyze, but they may not anticipate the consequences of their actions.

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Time mangement: postformal and formal thinking is to

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understand how adolescents and adults think in terms of time.

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intellectual skills are harnessed to real educational, occupational, and interpersonal concern

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adulthood,

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conclusions and consequences matters:

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setting priority includes postponing some tasks in order to accomplish others.

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adolescence have difficulty (emerging adults)

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time management

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adults gradually master

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time management as their cognition matures

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devoloping postformal thought process of adults

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accept and adapt to the contradiction and inconsistances of veryday experience -- personality changes - less playful and more practical.

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provisional (life's answers)

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adults. - they don't believe life answers to be permanent; they take irrational and emotional factors into account .

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Teenager might ignore what needs to be done until needed.

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emerging adults usually know better.

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delay discounting:

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The tendency to undervalue, or downright ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of more immediate gratification.

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if offered $100 now or $110 later people will ususally engage in delay discounthing -- taking it immediately

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taking lottery winners for example - they will take it all now rather than in increment payments getting all of the money.

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Adolescents underestimate

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delayed consequences, bu tgradually over the years of early adulthood, as the prefrontal cortex matures - people become better able to plan ahead.

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Reflection is characteristic of

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adult postformal thought.

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This delay discounting explains

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why 18 yrs olds use of drugs with knowledge of the consequence.

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Really a stage? May scholars doubt Piaget's stage theory of child congition

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many more question this fifth stage.

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stage

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means attaining a new set of intellectual abilites (such as the language explsion that distinquishes sensorimotor from preoperational thought)

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prefrontal cortex is not fully mature until

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early 20s new dendrites connect in adulthood.

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prefrontal cortex - connected to

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social understanding.

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study 13 to 45yrs - found

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logical skills improved from adolescence to emerging adulthood - then stayed steady, as might be expected as formal operational thinking becoms well established.

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social understanding continues

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to advance.

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social understanding inicludes

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knowing how best to interact with other people making and keeping good friends, responding to social slights and helping other effectvely and son on.

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Context and Culture

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are crucial 30yr in one place and time may think differently from another at different place and time.

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Hinduism - a period of social embeddedness (requiring social understanding)

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is thought to begin when people establish families of their own in early adulthood and to last through middle age.

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New stage appears at which people are expected to be less engaged in

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immediate social concerns.

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Texting benefit

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immediacy - (TSTB) the sooner the better. - respond right away as they think it is rude to respond later.

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delay discounting and TSTB

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many emerging adults disregard the future cost of arrest in order to respond to texts without delay.

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Talk about yourself

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people grdually became less self-centered and less confused as they described themselves over the years of adulthood. - not children or adolescents, achieved a level of self-acceptance at which emotions and reason were integrated.

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Self- Descriptions by age group and category :

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11-15: self-protective (lowest level) 75% 11-15: dysregulated 25% 15-20: self-protective 23% dysregulated: 68% integrated; 7% 20-30: self-protective ; 22% dysregulated: 33% integrated: 38% complex: 7% 30-45: complex: 34% integrated dysregulated self- protective 45-60: integrated: 38% complex 34% self- protective dysregulated 60-70: complex & self-protective : 33% integrated dysregulated 70-85: complex & dysregulated: 33% integreated self-protective. pg. 494 chart.

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protective stage

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high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt

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dysregulated stage

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fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems.

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complex stage

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valutions and logic

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integrated stage

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able to regulate emotions and logic.

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no one under age 20 was at the the advance

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integrated stage , some adults of every age were.

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The largest shift that occurred btrween addolescence and emerging adulthood

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integrated stage

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adult thinking

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" can be ordered interms of increasing levels of complexity and integration"

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many cholars find that thinking changes both

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qualitatively and quatitatively during adulthood.

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Term firth stage

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adults can often do reach a new cognitive level when their brains and life circumstances allow it.

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subjective thought

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thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions and goals for the future.

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objective thought

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thinking that is not influenced by the thinker's personal qualities, but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid.

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subjective thought arises

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from personal experiences and perceptions.

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objective thought

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follow abstract, impersonal logic.

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Formal operational thinking value

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impersonal logic (such as on Piaget's balance scale, the mathematical relationship between weight and istance) and devalue subjective feeling, personl faith and emotional experience.

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objective, logical thinking may be maladaptive

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when dealing with the complexities and commitment s of daily life - especially for social understanding.

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Subjective thinking is limited

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truly mature thought involves an interaction between abstract, objective forms of processing and expressive, subjective forms, the dual processing .

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Adult thought does not abandon objectivity; instead,

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"postformal logic combines subjectivity and objectivity."

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Combining affect (emotion and cognition (logic) - it is crucial intellectual accomplishment of adulthood.

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emerging adulthood - truly does emerge as a somewhat crucial period of the lif span.

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Emerging adulthood is

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comples, critical, relativizing thinking emerges onily int eh 20s. This is without intellect and emotion., behavioral extremes.

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behavioral extremes

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binge eating, anorexia, obesity, addiction, and violence

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cognitive extremes

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believing that one is the best or the worst person on the Earth

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Laura's thinkg about alcohol is

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postformal it combines knowledge of alcohol poisoning with emotions (images of past experience flood her head). Note she is cautious, not abstinent.

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development of postformal thought regarding alcohol

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early 20's are more likely than people of any other age to abuse alcohol and other drugs,

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20 yr olds with experience and cognitive maturity - most adults drink occasionally and moderately from then on.

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it is apparent that eenagers tend to use either objective or subjective reasoing, but adults can combine the two.

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cognitive flexibility

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the ability to be practical to predcict, plan and combine objective and subjective mental processes - it is possible for adults to reach the postformal lever. ( plans can go awry)

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Corporate restructuring might require finding another job, a failing of birth control - might mean unwanted pregnancy,

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a parent's illness might requirer changing plans for higher education. - most adults go through something like this.

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Cognitive flexibility

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they avoid retreating into either emotions or intellect.

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Adult diven COMPLEX problem with no pat solution

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reflects their options - landlord not paying for expensive repairs. What do you do.

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postformal cognition (HALLMARK)

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is intellectual flexibility - - a characteristic far more typical of emerging adults than of younger people.

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Fundimental lux of emerging adulthood"

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comes from the realization that each person's perspective is only one of many, that each problem has may solution and that knowledge is dynamic, not static.

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sing of flexibility

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is listening to others

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Working together to solve a problem

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cognitive flexibility

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Alternate solutions

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adults vs. children ; adults: analyze - post formal thinker children; cannot.- concrete or formal operational thinker

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More familiar the probleem

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the more possibilites were suggestd.

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losing motivation to finish a college deggreee eveoked

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more solutions from younger aduls, but wanting relatives to visit more frequently got more solutions from old adults.

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Problem-solving abilites of adults of various ages

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concludes that emerging adults are better problem solvers than both adolescents and oldest adults

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Openness to new ideas

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emerging adults and of post formal thinkers.

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The ability to find mutliple solutions to any practical problem is a

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HALLMARK of Post formal thought.

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cognitive flexibility, and experience helps

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Individuals differ in

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Countering Sterotypes

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Cognitive flexibility, ability to change childhood assumpitons is needed to counter sterotypes.

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traditional norms

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become later parents than previous generation (couple by couple)

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Early experiences for postformal thinkers

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are not determinative.

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sterotypes about other people: racial prejudice in adulhood

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many american children and adults harbor some implicit bias agains African Americans, -shown by slower processing time than European pictures.

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US believe that they are

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not racially prejudiced. - behavior shows not bias.

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steroetype.

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the possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes.

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The threat of Bias

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if students fear that others expect them to do porrly inschool because of their ethnicity or ender, they might not identify with academic achievement and thus do worse on exams than they otherwise would have.

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Sterotype threat

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people are often unaware oftheir own sterotypes, even when false beliefs harm them .

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most PERNICIOUS stereotyp threat

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worry that other people assume that you yourself are stupid, lazy, oversexed or eworse becuase of your race,sex,a ge or appearance.

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possiblity of being negatvely sterotyped arouses emotions

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that can disrupt cognition as well as emotional regulation

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Sterotype threat

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is likely when circumstances remind a person of a possible threat . possible threat

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in the air

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not an overt threat. - ie. african males think they are poor scholars. - decreases ability to focus on academis.

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underachieve

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might disidentify academic success in order to protect their pride (stereotype - non overt threat`) can cause disengagement from studying and lead to lower achievement

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woman under achieve in math , older foks forgetful, bilingual student stumble with Englis, stigmatized minority in every nation perform less well.

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Even if there is thought to be on top.

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prejudices relate to

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postformal thought

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childhood sterotypes hidden in the breain,

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adults need flexible cognition to overcome them - abandoning the prejudices that were learned earlier.

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many programs attempt to increase

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the achievement of individual whose potential seems unrealized. - woman colleges are best at this.

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Could one reason be that if every student has the same background, sterotype threat is diminished?

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...

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What can reduce stereotype threat when students are aminority?

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...

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Internalize

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believe whoeleartedly, not just intellectually

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Plastic

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The idea of intelligence is ploastic rather than the inalterable product of one's genetic heritage.

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Personal efforts - if think it

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made it happen - it provided hope.

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post formal thinking

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allows people to overcome fears and anxieties.

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79 Stanford undergraduates of both sexes - 42 african american and 37 European American : Goal was to internalize a messge about intelligence.

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Group I: no intervention Group II: learned about mulitple intelligences Group III: learned that intelligence depends on effort, not innate ability (brain maturity and neurons). The intervention succeeded. Repeat test - but sterotype threat is pervasive and debilitating but that it can be alleviated.

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dialectical thought

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The most advanced cognitive process

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dialectical thought

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characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis.

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dialectical thought

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makes possible an ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantaes, possibilities and limitations.

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FIRST state of PROCESS of Dialectical thinking

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a proposition or statement of belief; the frist stage of the process of dialectical thinking.

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SECOND Stage of Process of DIALECTICAL THINKING

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antithesis: a proposition or staement of belief that opposes the thesis.

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THIrD Sate of Process of Dialectical thinking

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synthesis: a new idea that integrateds the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth.

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Dialectical thought

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postformal thought, at its best becomes dialectical thought

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"Promise, not reality"

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with all aspects of post formal thinking, advanced thinkg at any point of adulthood.

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Dialectical thought

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involves considering both these poles of an idea simultaneously and then forging them into a sysnthesis.

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synthesis

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a new idea that integrates the original and its opposite. - synthesis is not a compromise: it is a new concept that incorporates both original ones. ie. young children idolize their parents (thesis) , many adolescents are highly critical of their parents (antithesis) , and many emerging adults appreciate their parietna dh forgive their shortcomings, which they attribute to back ground and age (synthesis)

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Dialectical thought

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change is continuous.

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each new SYNTHESIS

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deepens and refines the thesis and antithesis that initiated it, with cognitive development as the dance of adaptive transformation".

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Dialectical thought thinking involves

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the constant integration of beliefs and experiences with all the contradictions and inconsistencies of daily life.

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Vygotsky -

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learning is a social interaction. - within zone of proximal development.

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Proximal development

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with learners and mentors continually adjusting to each other.

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Dialectical processes are

answer

readily observeable by life-span researchers, who believe that "the occurrence and effective mastery of crises and confilcts represent not only risk,s, but also opportunities for new development"

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CHAPTER 1 emphasized - life-span change is

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mulitdirectional, ongoing and often surprising - a dynamic dialectical process.

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Dialectical thinker: thesis - antithesis - synthesis

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I love you because you are perfect -- I hate you ; you can't do anything right -- neither of us i perfect, but togethe we can grow.

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New demands, roles, responsibilites , conflicts

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are learning opportunities for the dialectical thinker.

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Adolescents are rare dialectical thinkers

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Dialectical thinkers - found in middle-aged people & connected in complex and sometimes contradictory ways to ethinicity, intellect and creativity.

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Degradation of Complex thinking (dilectical thinking)

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can be caused by any emotionally charge events.

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Culture and Dialecteics:

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Asians - think holistically - seeking synthesis - -in place of logic- Chinese developed dilectic ie> Western art tends to focus on objects;Chines are shows the entire context

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Koreans in seoul South Korea: Korean Americans who had lived most of their lives i the US US born European Americans.

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police officer charge of a case involving a student who murdered a professor - Korean looked for a balance holistic syntehsis. Western adults - happiest to achieve personal triumph Chineses happiest - find a synthesis of several social roles. Asian americans / Japanes in Japan - finds postive correlation betwee the frequency of experiencing 2 seeminlgy opposite emotions - joy & distress. -dialectic thinkers balance happy/unhappy moments reminding themselves sad/happy.

Life Span Chapter 18 + 17 – Flashcards

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