Latin participles and infinitives (Wheelocks chapter 23 and 25) – Flashcards

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question
What is a participle?
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A verbal adjective (adjective formed from a verb stem)
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How many participles does a regular transitive verb in Latin have?
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Four
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Which participles are formed on a verb's present stem?
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present active and future passive (gerundive)
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Which participles are formed on a verb's participial stem?
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perfect passive and future active
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How is the present stem of a verb found?
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Begin with the infinitive, then drop the infinitive ending -re.
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How is the participial stem of a verb found?
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Drop the endings from the perfect passive participle (usually the fourth principal part)
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How is the present active participle formed?
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present stem + -ns (gen -ntis)
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How is the future active participle formed?
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participial stem + ūrus ūra ūrum
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How is the perfect passive participle formed?
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participial stem + us a um
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How is the future passive participle formed?
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present stem + ndus nda ndum
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For agō, list the present active, future active, perfect passive, and future passive participles.
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āgēns āgēntis; actūrus a um; āctus a um; agendus a um
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For agō, list the English equivalent for present active, future active, perfect passive, and future passive participles.
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doing; about to do; done/having been done; about to be done/deserving to be done
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What is special about the participles of fourth conjugation and third conjugation -io verbs?
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The participles based on the present stem (present active and future passive/gerundive) include -ie-
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For laudō, list the present active, future active, perfect passive, and future passive participles.
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laudāns laudāntis; laudātūrus a um; laudātus a um; laudandus a um
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For audiō, list the present active, future active, perfect passive, and future passive participles.
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audiēns audiēntis; audītūrus a um; audītus a um; audiendus a um
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For capiō, list the present active, future active, perfect passive, and future passive participles.
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capiēns capiēntis; captūrus a um; capturus a um; capiendus a um
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Which participles belong to which declensions?
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All participles except the present active are declined according to 1st/2nd declension rules; the present active participle is declined as a third declension adjective.
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What form of the present active participle is sometimes unusual and why?
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the ablative singular sometimes ends in e, sometimes in ī
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Decline agēns as a masculine adjective.
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agēns agentis agentī agentem agentī (agente) agentēs agentium agentibus agentēs agentibus
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Decline agēns as a feminine adjective.
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agēns agentis agentī agentem agentī (agente) agentēs agentium agentibus agentēs agentibus
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Decline agēns as a neuter adjective.
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agēns agentis agentī agēns agentī (agente) agentia agentium agentibus agentia agentibus
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What is the etymology of the term "participle"?
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pars + capere - to take part/share in
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How is a participle both like an adjective and a verb?
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As adjectives, they agree in gender, number and case with the words they modify. Sometimes, like adjectives, they can function as nouns themselves. As verbs, they have tense and voice, may take direct objects, and may be modified by an adverb or an adverbial phrase.
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Seeing their father in the house, the boy and girl ran up to him.
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Patrem in casā videntēs, puella et puer ad eum cucurrērunt.
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How is the time of the action indicated by a present participle determined in Latin?
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Contemporaneous with that of the main verb
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How is the time of the action indicated by a perfect participle determined in Latin?
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Prior to that of the main verb
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How is the time of the action indicated by a future participle determined in Latin?
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Subsequent to that of the main verb
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The Greek sailors, seeing Polyphemus, are afraid.
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Graecī nautae, videntēs Polyphēmum, timent.
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The Greek sailors, seen by Polyphemus, are afraid.
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Graecī nautae, vīsī ā Polyphēmō, timent.
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The Greek sailors, about to see Polyphemus, are afraid.
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Graecī nautae, visūrī Polyphēmum, timent.
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In translating Latin into idiomatic English, what subordinating conjunctions are appropriate when transforming a participial phrase into a subordinate clause?
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When, since, although
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Translate literally and idiomatically: Māter, fīlium amāns, auxilium dat.
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The mother, loving her son, gives him assistance. Since she loves her son, the mother gives him assistance.
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