Latin Grammar Questions – Flashcards
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Give the three nominative singular endings for 2nd declension masculine nouns
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us, er, ir
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2nd declension -er nouns either ____ or _____ the "e" in the stem.
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drop, retain
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Some nouns have only plural forms. An example is
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liberi, liberorum
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Four confusing words with the root of liber are:
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liberi liberorum (children); liber libri (book); liber libera liberum (free); libero (1) (to set free)
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What kind of verbs have indirect objects? Give Latin examples
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giving & telling do, demonstro; nuntio, narro
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What are the two ways to show an indirect object in english?
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preposition "to", word order (indirect object precedes the direct object
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In Latin the indirect object is in the _____ case.
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dative
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What is Sentence Pattern #5?
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subject + verb + I.O. + D. O.
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Give an example of Sentence Pattern #5 in Latin.
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Maria Marco rosam dedit.
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Name the four verb complements you have heard.
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predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
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What are the two ways to show possession in English?
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preposition "of" or 's
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In Latin the possessive noun is in the ____ case/
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genitive
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Third declension nouns that have a genitive plural in "ium" are called ___.
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i - stems
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Give two indications a noun may be an i-stem and an example of each.
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1. same # syllables in the nominative & genitive (collis, collis) 2. stem ends in two consonants (pons, pontis)
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What are the two types of adjectives in Latin?
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1st/2nd declension & 3rd declension
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Third declension adjectives are related to ___
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i-stem nouns
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Define pronoun.
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A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
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How many kinds of pronouns are there? Name them in pairs.
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8: Personal, possessive; reflexive, intensive; interrogative, relative; demonstrative, indefinite
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What is an antecedent?
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An antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of.
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Give the latin word for we & us:
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nos
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How do you write cum with the 1st/2nd person pronouns?
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mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum
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The genitive of 1st and 2nd person pronouns is used for ____, expressions that do not show ______.
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of, possession
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To show possession in the 1st and 2nd person, use the possessive pronoun adjectives. What are they?
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meus, tuus, noster, vester
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The possessive pronoun adjectives function like adjectives or pronouns?
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adjectives
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Give the Adjective Agreement Rule.
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An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but NOT declension.
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Give the Pronoun Agreement Rule.
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The pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its own clause.
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Define preposition.
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A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
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A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition & its ______.
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object (and modifiers)
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What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
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a
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What two Latin prepositions are similar to this word?
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a/ab & e/ex
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Latin prepositions govern either the _____ or _____ cases.
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ablative or accusative
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Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
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accusative
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Prepositions that express location, no motion, or motion from, take what case?
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ablative
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Give two prepositions that can take either the ablative or the accusative case.
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in, sub
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The infinitive ending for the 2nd conjugation verbs is ____; and for 3rd conjugation verbs is ____.
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ēre, ere
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The 3rd conjugation does not have a stem with a consistent ____ ____.
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stem vowel
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In the 3rd conjugation you must chop to the ____ to find the present stem.
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root
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How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present stem?
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AE in future; IOU in present
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Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
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It has no bo's in its future.
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The infinitive of the 4th conjugation is
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ire
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Give the stem vowels for all four conjugations.
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1st (a), 2nd (ē), 3rd (none), 4th (i)
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The present system of the 4th conjugation is essentially the same as the 3rd conjugation with the addition of
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the stem vowel "i"
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3rd "io" verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation because their infinitive ends in
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ere.
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The present system of 3rd "io" verbs looks exactly like
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the present system of the 4th conjugation.
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Define adverb
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An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
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An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering the questions
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how, when, where, to what extent
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Many 1st/2nd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
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ē
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Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ____ to the adjective stem.
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iter
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Some adjectives use their _____ ____ ____ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ___ or ___. Two examples are _____ and _____.
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neuter singular accusative; um or e 2 examples: multum & facile
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The perfect system is _______ regular in all four conjugations.
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perfectly
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How do you find the perfect stem for all four conjugations?
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Drop the "i" from the 3rd principal part.
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Although 3rd conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have _____ that will help you remember them. What is the pattern for verbs like rego?
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patterns; o, ere, xi, ctus
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What are the two types of direct questions?
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1. questions introduced by question words 2. questions answered with a yes or no
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How do you form yes or no questions in English?
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by placing the helping verb first
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Hoe do you form yes or no questions in Latin?
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Add the enclitic "ne" to the end of the first word, usually the verb.
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Give the six common question words in English?
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who, what, when, where, why, how
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Give the two voices of Latin verbs.
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active & passive
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In the active voice, the subject
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performs the action of the verb
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In the passive voice, the subject
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receives the action of the verb
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To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute ____ personal endings for ____ personal endings.
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passive; active
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When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING THING, the construction is called ____ and requires the preposition ____.
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the ablative of agent a/ab
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Give an example the action of the passive verb being performed by a LIVING THING
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Galli gládio superantur. The Gauls are overcome by Caesar.
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When the action of the passive verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called ___________ and the preposition is _________
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ablative of means; omitted
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Give an example.
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Galli gladio superantur. The Gauls are overcome by the sword.
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of the 1st conjugation?
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2nd person singular of future tense beris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of the 2nd conjugation?
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2nd person singular of future tense beris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of the 3rd conjugation?
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2nd person singular of present tense eris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of the 3rd "io" conjugation?
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2nd person singular of present tense eris
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What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of the 4th conjugation?
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NONE
