Latin American Cultures | Final Review (Vocabulary) – Flashcards
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Augusto Pinochet
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General who overthrew Salvador Allende.
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Positivism
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19th century philosophy that values order, science, and progress.
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Hugo Chávez
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Caudillo, former president of Venezuela.
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Oscar Romero
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Archbishop who was killed by the Salvadoran government.
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Copper
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U.S. destabilized the Chilean economy by dumping this on the market.
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Peronismo
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Came from the needs of the masses and economic perfectionism.
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Indigenismo
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Study of the indigenous, their roots, and their traditions.
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NAFTA
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Trade treaty signed in 1994.
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Miguel Hidalgo
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The priest who first led the Mexican Revolution.
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Communism
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The U.S. distanced itself from Castro when it was discovered he followed...
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Zapatistas
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Mexican revolutionary group (1994).
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Álvaro Obregón
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Mexican president who created a national identity based on indigenous past.
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Comparative advantage
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Each country fulfills a particular role (neoliberal).
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1898
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Cuba received independence from Spain in...
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Sandinistas
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A Nicaraguan Marxist party who ruled the Nicaraguan government.
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ISI (import-substitution industrialization)
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Manufacturing products used for imports.
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José Martí
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Hero of the Cuban independence movement against Spain.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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President who tried to foster positive relationships with Latin America during WWII.
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United Fruit Company
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The business was so involved in the Caribbean, it gave birth to the term "banana republic".
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Manifest Destiny
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Irresistible, inevitable U.S. expansion into Latin America.
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Monroe Doctrine
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The Americans' (mostly) self-serving diplomatic version of hemispheric solidarity, which called for European "hands off" of the Americas.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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An addition to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904, after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-1903.
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Platt Amendment
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Allows the United States to intervene in Cuba at will.
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Neocolonialism
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The geographical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country. This was done via imperialism (direct military control) or hegemony (indirect military control).
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Good Neighbor Policy
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Announced by President FDR in 1933; the seventh congress of the Pan-American movement, FDR's representatives publicly swore off military intervention in Latin America.
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Alliance for Progress
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Announced by President JFK, in reaction to the Cuban Revolution, the alliance's goal was just like the Marshall Plan: To reduce revolutionary pressures by stimulating economic development and political reform.
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Neoliberalism
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Often benefited the consumers, who were mostly middle-class people, while the producers and the poor suffered to profit from it.
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MERCOSUR
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A free-trade zone between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
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Porfirio Díaz
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Dictator of Mexico from 1876-1911. His rule, known as Porfiriato, was the strong epitome of neocolonial dictatorships in Latin America. He kept up constitutional elections, but only his candidates ever won them.
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Científicos
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Díaz's group of technocratic advisors who were steeped in the positivist "science" of government. Díaz and his board of advisors used the newly generated revenue from their expanded import/export trade in order to strengthen the Mexican state.
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Positivism
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A French social doctrine that prescribed authoritarian methods in order to order and progress and transform European norms into global standards. An example of this is the phrase "Ordem e progresso" on the Brazilian national flag.
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Ethnic nationalism
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Like German or French nationalism in that it tends to emphasize the idea of race--usually the idea of racial purity. This form of nationalism ultimately celebrates what makes the countries of Latin America unique.
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Civic nationalism
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Focuses on a set of political ground rules and ideals. More common in nations such as the United States.
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Francisco I. Madero
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Elite landowner; feared a peasant revolt; presents himself as candidate, subsequently getting himself arrested.
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Victoriano Huerta
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Dictatorial president of Mexico, whose regime united several desperate revolutionary forces in opposition to him.
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Venustiano Carranza
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A leader in the Mexican Civil War, following the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz.
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Pancho Villa
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The revolutionary leader of Mexico from the north.
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Emiliano Zapata
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The revolutionary leader of Mexico from the south.
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PRI
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Institutional Revolutionary Party
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PAN
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National Action Party
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Frida Kahlo
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Married Diego Rivera in 1929. She expressed her nationalism through her painted self-portraits, as well as by wearing jewelry and ground-level dresses to hide her legs, which were withering away from when she survived polio as a juvenile.
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Diego Rivera
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Artist who painted in the 1930s. Many of his exhibits are on display in galleries around Mexico and Spain today.
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Lázaro Cárdenas
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President of Mexico from 1934-1940, during the greatest period of nationalist transformation in the nation ever. Was the leader of Mexico's Revolutionary Party; was known for wanting to ally to a cause for Mexico, but not for taking the initiative.
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Zapatistas (EZLN)
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A revolutionary group in Mexico, established in 1994, who are against the North American Free Trade Agreement.
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Vicente Fox
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A Mexican businessman who served as president of Mexico from December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2006. He was part of the National Action Party.
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Felipe Calderón
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Former president of Mexico who served from December 1, 2006 to November 30, 2012. He belongs to the National Action Party.
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Juan Perón
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A nationalist army officer who won a strong following among Argentine workers while he served as the secretary of labor. Peronism is name for him; his influence combatted the right-wing views of the Argentine government at the time. Perón was exiled in 1955, and yet he still managed to activate Peronist loyalties.
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Evita Perón
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Playing a major role in the mobilization of Peronism, the wife of Juan had strong, extreme gestures that would helped Argentina's poor to broaden the movement's populist constituency beyond organized labor.
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Isabel Perón
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Juan Perón's second wife, a former club dancer, who had been made vice president; she took over Evita's role as a political leader.
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"Process of National Reorganization"
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An infamous campaign waged from 1976 to 1983 by Argentina's military dictatorship, which targeted suspected left-wing opponents.
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Salvador Allende
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A medical doctor and a Marxist (like Che Guevara) who ran for a socialist-communist coalition during the Chilean presidential election of 1958. Allende ran again in 1964; he did even better, even though the CIA bankrolled his opponent. Allende finally won the election in 1970; the coalition, now known as Popular Unity could constitutionally demonstrate "a Chilean road" to socialism.
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Pablo Neruda
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The most popular poet of twentieth-century Latin America. He held a series of diplomatic posts, serving as consul in Asia, Europe, and the Americas between 1927 and 1945.
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Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
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Mothers who wore white scarves embroidered with the names of their missing children as a kind of uniform. Albeit middle-aged schoolteachers, social workers, or even sales clerks--desperate to do anything to get their children back--these women became the conscience of their nation, and the incessant proof of the military's secret, dirty war.
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