Language and Thought – Flashcards
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A sentence has both __, based on meaning, and __, based on the wording of a sentence.
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deep structure; surface structure
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In the German language, the sound "ts" is a:
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phoneme
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Which of the following constitutes a single morpheme? headless he h headless horseman
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he
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Passive mastery is to __ as active mastery is to __.
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understanding; speech
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What is an example of telegraphic speech?
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Daddy drive car.
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Interactionists describe language development as:
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a combination of environmental experiences and biological influence
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Patients with Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia provide evidence that language is:
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specialized within specific brain regions over time
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Exemplar theory is more comprehensive than prototype theory because it:
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takes into account specific instances of categories in addition to the prototype of the category
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A carpenter suffers a stroke and now cannot recognize the difference between a saw and a plane. The carpenter probably suffered damage to which area of his brain?
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the region where the temporal lobe meets the pariental and occipital lobes
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The president is managing a war that is not going well. His line of reasoning illustrates:
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the sunk-cost fallacy
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Generally speaking humans excel on cognitive tasks that involve __ but perform poorly on cognitive tasks that involve __.
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frequency; probability
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The basis of means-ends analysis, as a problem-solving technique is to:
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search for a way to reduce differences between a current state and a desire goal state
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Hammers are understood for pounding things, which is why people don't realize hammers make perfectly good doorstops. This lack of creative insight is an example of:
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functional fixedness
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Another term for discursive reasoning is:
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theoretical reasoning
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The smallest unit of sound that is categorized as speech is known as a:
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phoneme
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Semantics refer to the __ of a sentence
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morphology
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__ is the process that allows children to learn words so rapidy, by joining a word with a concept after experiencing it only once.
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fast mapping
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Babies are born with the ability to recognize and distinguish:
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among all phonemes
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The behaviorist approach to language development suggests that __ plays a key role in learning words and grammar, while the nativists claim that language is __ pretetermined
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reinforcement; biologically
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People with damage to Wernicke's area can:
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use correct syntax
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The overall conclusion of research investigating the link between language and thought is:
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language shapes thought, but language and thought remain separate to some extent.
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__ are convenient representations of categories because they reflect the overall most typical instance of the category.
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Prototypes
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If you have never seen a chihuahua, but you have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds, which theory would better predict your ability to correctly identify a chihuahua as a dog?
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exemplar theory
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Suppose that sports fans in the US were given a list of names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics. After a few minutes of study the fans were asked to estimate what percentage of medals the US won. The fans probably will __ this number, due to the __.
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overestimate; availability bias
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Melissa is a very attractive female who lives in San Diego and loves football. When more people think she is a dancer for the team instead of a teacher this represents a
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prepresentative heuristic
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Prospect theory assumes that people are:
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more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to acheive goals
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Research on participants with prefrontal cortex damage suggests that these patients make more risky decisions because
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anticipatory emotional reactions that usually guide decision maing are absent in these patients
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Relative to solving problemts using analytic strategies, insight is associated with a burst of electrical activity in the :
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right temproal lobe
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Belief-neutral reasoning is associated with enhaved activity in the:
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parental lobe
