question

What were the reasons that made the idea of revolution so prevalent after 1945 in Latin America?

answer

Rapid population growth, Accelerated urbanization (Migration from rural to urban areas), Limits of national developmentalism ISI Model, Rise of Revolutional Aspirations (US Emerges as a super power, Rise to prominence of Populist politics rooted in urban working class and middle class electoral support)

question

Name some of the structural limitations faced by the import-substitution industrialization strategy

answer

No capital goods sector exists in Latin America (Raw materials and machinery have to be imported which requires foreign exchange), Not accompanied by land reform and income distribution, Technology imported from the US, Manufacturing incapable of creating sufficient jobs

question

What was the relation with the rise of populism and the emergence of mass electoral politics

answer

populism was supported heavily by the urban working class and the middle class which created a huge divide between the "people" and the "dominant bloc"

question

what was the "Guatemalan Spring" and why did the US government actively seek to overthrow the democratically-elected government of Jacobo Arbenz

answer

the guatemalan revolution: Arbenz tried to take the united fruit land railroads, and ports. He did not follow US anti communist/Cold War orientations for the region.This is not good for the US so they tried to overthrow him.

question

What factors explain the triumph of the Cuban revolution

answer

came from mexico, but only 12 survived. they receive the support of the peasantry, Develop a revolutionary army that in 3 years defeats the batista forces (Land reforms, Urban reforms, Expropriation of US oil and other corporations)

question

Import-Substitution Industrilaization

answer

the creation of domestic industry to provide products previously imported. ISI occurred in Latin America mostly during the mid-1900s, encouraged by interruptions of international trade and by nationalist economic policies. (Note: think ISI and Peronism en Argentina)

question

populism

answer

a manner of politics aimed at the urban working and middle classes, who together, composed the populist coalition. Most vigorous int he years following 1945, populism generally employed nationalist themes and promoted Import Substitute Industrialization (ISI). Populism supports the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite.

question

clientelism

answer

the idea that individuals or "clients" would receive special benefits (such as protection or government employment) from the patron or boss in exchange for their loyalty in civil wars and elections for example

question

corporatism

answer

the organization of a society into industrial and professional corporations serving as organs of political representation and exercising control over personas and activities within their jurisdiction

question

peronism

answer

The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the "three flags", are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty (Argentine Juan Domingo Peron)

question

Jacobo Arbenz

answer

Guatemal leader who attempted to claim and defend the rights of the banana workers which was categorized as a "communist" move, hence the UFC along with CIA led the military coup that deposed Arbenz of his power

question

26 of July movement

answer

fidel castro student leader, organizes attack on moncado military barracks to obtain arms, 60/108 attackers killed, rest sent to jail.

question

granma

answer

boat built for 6

question

Raul Prebish

answer

Argentinian economist, develops center-periphery model, Terms of trade move agianst Latin American Economies, International trade promotes backwardness

question

Theology of Liberation

answer

A religious movements that arose in Latin American Roman Catholicism in the late 1960s. It sought to apply religious faith by aiding the poor and oppressed through involvement in political and civic affairs. It stressed both heightened awareness of the "sinful" socioeconomic structures that caused social inequities and active participation in changing those structures

question

what were the major components of the national security doctrine? How did US training of LAtin America's Armed Forces in the doctrine contribute to usher in military regimes and decades of state terror in the 1970s?

answer

60,000 officers trained at the school of the americas. Doctine of Hemispheric Security: build strong anti-communist alliance, save "free world and Western-Christian Civilization", Specialize in Counter- Insurgency/ Doctrine of Counter- Insurgency: Enemy is internal, not external

question

Why did the US support of the overthrow of Brazil's president, Joao Goulart, in 1964

answer

It was justified on the basis of "national Security"

question

Why did the US attempt to prevent the election of President Salvador Allende in Chile? Why did it actively promote his overthrow in 1973 and support the military regime of General Augusto Pinochet?

answer

feared that chile would become a "new cuba".

question

National Security Doctrine

answer

he overall logic of the anticommunist alliance, which ascertained that Latin American armed forces are key US allies in defense of the "free world," and counterinsurgency is their special role. The strategic naval and air power of the US would halt any communist invaders from outside the hemisphere. Hence, Latin American armies were key to halting the "supposed internal enemies of freedom": revolutionary organizers in factories, poor neighborhoods, and universities

question

counterinsurgency Doctrine

answer

military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries

question

School of the Americas

answer

america trained 600000 officers in Latin America

question

plan condor

answer

was a campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents, officially implemented in 1975 by right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone aka South America. The program aimed to eradicate communist or Soviet influence and ideas, and to suppress active or potential opposition movements against participating governments

question

disappeared

answer

someone arrested by agents of the state and never seen again (argentina)

question

Dirty War

answer

involving death squads and disappearances (argentina)

question

Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

answer

mothers whos children were dissapeared in the Dirty war in argentina

question

Salvador allende

answer

chile, overthrown by CIA coup (democratically elected)

question

Augusto Pinochet

answer

leader of the pinochet dictatorship, mass killings, chile

question

Neoliberalism

answer

unregulated market

question

Chicago Boys

answer

disciples of milton friedman (economists) chile

question

what policies does neoliberalism promote

answer

1. Open up economy to imports and financial flows 2. Eliminate government supervision 3. Privatize state enterprises

question

why did neoliberalism gain influence

answer

Offered a way out to 1970s worldwide economic crisis of capitalism, world bank and IMF made neoliberal policies a condition for loans, transnational corporations and transnational capital adopted it as thier platform,

question

what are some of the main mechanisms through which neoliberalism contributed to restructure the societies of the americas

answer

1. Structural Adjustment programs 2. Free trade agreements

question

what were some of the main results of neoliberal restructuring in Latin America

answer

Economic recession, massive transfer of resources from less developed countries to private banks, widespread poverty and suffering, massive protests and food riots, restructured societies

question

Why do critics say that treaties such as NAFTA are not really about "free trade"

answer

also "free-investment" agreement and "trans-pacific partnership"

question

Laissez-Faire

answer

translates to "free market economics", which essentially means the adoption of non-intervention policies towards economies, making it easier for globalization to occur. Under this economic system, transactions between private parties are free from government interference such as regulations, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.

question

Milton Friedman

answer

coined the term the "Miracle of Chile" to describe the reorientation of the Chilean economy in the 1980s, which instituted reforms implemented by the Chicago Boys that included economic liberalization and privatization of state-owned companies. (Note: these new regulations widened the gap between rich and poor and witnessed an increase in poverty amongst the Chilean populace) Friedman was American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy

question

neoliberalism

answer

an updated version of liberalism that swept Latin America in the 1990s, following the period of cold war reaction and military rule

question

privatization

answer

The transfer of ownership of property or businesses from a government to a privately owned company i.e. the sell of national petroleum (PEMEX in Mexico) to private company; privatization of healthcare means government does not have to provide healthcare to population, everyone must pay their own health insurance

question

Deregulation

answer

The reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry

question

NAFTA

answer

established a free trade zone in North America; it was signed in 1992 by Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. and took effect on January 1, 1994 (Note: at which time the Zapatista Insurrection occurred in the Southern Mexican state of Chiapas in retaliation to the execution of this free trade policy). NAFTA lifted tariffs on the majority of goods produced by signatory nations. It also calls for the gradual elimination, over a period of 15 years, of most remaining barriers to cross-border investment and to the movement of goods and services among the three countries. Twenty years after its implementation, NAFTA has helped boost intraregional trade between the aforementioned 3 nations, but has fallen short of generating the jobs and the deeper regional economic integration its advocates promised decades ago

question

Structural Adjustment Program

answer

are economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund since the early 1980s by the provision of loans conditional on the adoption of such policies. Governments are encouraged or forced to reduce their role in the economy by privatizing state-owned industries, including the health sector, and opening up their economies to foreign competition

question

Free trade

answer

is a market economy system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority

question

coyote

answer

someone who leads people through the immigration process

question

la bestia

answer

(death train) this train is that which travelers through and from Mexico ride in their hopeful journey to the United States. It is referenced as a "death" train because several people making the journey unfortunately die along the way either as victims of violence on behalf of organized crime groups, or fall to their deaths due to the high-speeds of the train

question

las patronas

answer

help the people on the death train by giving them food.

question

what is latin america and central americas role in the international division of labor

answer

Re-primarization (export of raw materials and non traditional exports), export processing zones- maquladoras, Services (tourism and call centers), export of people

question

how does this contemporary insertion in the global economy determine who are the dominant sectors and the subordinate sectors of society

answer

through their main economic activities, investments, technological change, who owns export sector?, where does the surplus go?

question

how can central america's currnet role in the international division of labor be used to explain growing social inequality in the region? Migration? child migration?

answer

the more central america is drawn into global capitalism (thru export processing industries), the more it exports labor to the north, the more poor and oppressed see migration as a way of ensuring suvival.

question

What are the arguments supporting the notion that migration from mexico constitutes a form of subsidy in favor of the united states

answer

migration forces mexico to absorb the costs of the reproduction and training of the workforce and deprives the mexican economy of the chief force required for the accumulation of capital.

question

international divison of labor

answer

the specialization of particular countries in the production of certain products

question

maquiladora

answer

this train is that which travelers through and from Mexico ride in their hopeful journey to the United States. It is referenced as a "death" train because several people making the journey unfortunately die along the way either as victims of violence on behalf of organized crime groups, or fall to their deaths due to the high-speeds of the train

question

export processing zone

answer

s a type of free trade zone (FTZ), set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. In addition to providing the benefits of a FTZ to private business, these zones offer other incentives to already wealthy corporations such as exemptions from certain taxes and business regulations (which help to further exploit countries such as Mexico, and other regions that have implemented free trade agreements). Also called development economic zone or special economic zone.

question

Remittances

answer

a sum of money sent, especially by mail, in payment for goods or services or as a gift.

question

what have been the major milestones in the revival of indigenous peoples' movements?

answer

-1992: Commemoration of 500th Anniversary of Columbus -1994: Chiapas Zapatista Uprising -2000: Ecuador -2000-2005 Bolivia -Water War -Gas War - 2000-2005 -2006: Election of Evo Morales -Present: Struggles to preserve land, water, forests (Chile, Peru, Colombia, Guatemala.)

question

What are the five ingredients that explain successful indigenous mobilizations?

answer

-Defense of livelihoods and survival as a people threatened by neoliberal restructuring peoples -Multi-layered discourse -Multi-scalar struggles -Ability to reconstruct collective identities based then on "geographic communities" to "communities of practice" -New political culture - "Another world is possible"

question

how does neoliberalism and neoliberal policies threaten indigenous livelihoods?

answer

-Defend material and symbolic foundations of indigenous livelihoods (Land, environment, reciprocal labor exchanges, Reciprocity and non-commodification of the life world) -Confront "leading edge" of capitalist expansion (Multinational corporations, international financial institutions (IMF, WB), governments in their service, Conception of the world endless growth, competition, etc.)

question

what are some of the components of the new political culture engendered by indegenous movements?

answer

-Reciprocity instead of individualism -Celebration of difference instead of liberal notions of sameness -Political agency: 'Nested citizenship' vs procedural electoral democracy (Bundle of practices versus legal status) -"Mandar obedeciendo" : Learn to lead by obeying- accountability, rotation,

question

how do indigenous cosmovisions differ from the world view that prevails in western captialist societies.

answer

Western: Extreme individualism, short-term profits as they basis of social rationality, mass consumer society as the ideal, endless growth-more is always better Indigenous: We are children of the Pachamama, we are part and connected to all living beings, indigenous peoples are taking a lead in overcoming the impact of alienation disruption of social and spatial orientation and fragmentation of a cultural core for regeneration intself, incorporate practices that abjure hierarchy and dominance

question

multi-layered discourse

answer

fuse different components into a single discourse (written or spoken debate)

question

multi-scalar struggles

answer

multiple scales and sites: local communities fight against commodification of the commons, Coordinate as national movements, but there are limitations

question

cosmovision

answer

worldview

question

what is accumulation by dispossession? how does it differ from marx's notion of primitive accumulation?

answer

1. the commodification and privatization of land and the forceful expulsion of peasant populations (as in Mexico and India in recent times); 2. conversion of various forms of property rights (common, collective, state, etc.) into exclusively privateproperty rights; 3. suppression of rights to the commons; 4. commodification of labor power and th esuppression of alternative (indigenous) forms of production and consumption; 5. colonial, neocolonial, and imperial processes of appropriation of assets (including natural resources); 6. monetization of exchange and taxation, particularly of land; 7. the slave trade (which continues, particularly in the sex industry); and 8. usury, the national debt, and, most devastating of all, the use of the credit system as radical means of primitive accumulation by dispossession

question

what are the contemporary expressions of accumulation by dispossession?

answer

- Transnational capital is in a race to control the world's resources: (minerals, land water, genetic materials and life forms, knowledge) -Powerful countries are in a race to control access to these resources for geo strategic reasons

question

what is post-neoliberalism? what policies do post neoliberal governments typically implement?

answer

-A broad and all-encompassing term to describe the efforts of governments and organizations to challenge neoliberal (laissez-faire/free trade) policies and counter their destructive effects -While continuing to operate within the conditions imposed by global capitalist economy (-Strengthen the role of the state -Actively fight poverty -Create alternatives to US- dominated free trade agreements)

question

what are the different types of post-neoliberalism cecena identifies?

answer

Post neoliberalism of the elites, national developmental post neoliberalism, post neoliberalism of the peoples.

question

what are examples of national development post neoliberalism?

answer

-venezuela, ecuador and bolivia, argentina -Use the state to capture the surplus from exports from being appropriated by foreign capital -rechannel it to strengthen local and domestic economy

question

primitive accumulation

answer

the historical process of divorcing the producer from the means of production. It appears as primitive, because it forms the prehistoric stage of capital and of the mode of production corresponding with it. -enclosure movement in the UK -put an end to communal land/dispossessed peasent

question

pink tide

answer

the increase in left wing influence in latin american politics

question

post neoliberalism of the people

answer

-Movemento Sem Terra (MST)- landless and rural workers movement of brazil -Autonomous communities of the zapatista national liberation front -Worker run factories in Argentina

question

hugo chavez

answer

venezuelan president (socialism)

question

21st century socialism

answer

both free-market industrial capitalism and twentieth-century socialism have failed to solve urgent problems of humanity, like poverty, hunger, exploitation, economic oppression, sexism, racism, the destruction of natural resources, and the absence of a truly participative democracy.

question

rafael correa

answer

ecuador (socialism)

question

evo morales

answer

bolivia (socialism)

question

the legend of the eagle and the condor

answer

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