Lab Midterm Flashcard
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| Simple microscope |
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| microscope with one lens |
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| compound microscope |
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| microscope with two lenses |
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| total magnification equation |
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| objective magnification X ocular magnification |
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| oil immersion lens |
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| lens which prevents light loss due to diffraction |
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| light intensity decreases, contrast improves, depth of field increases, limit resolution |
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| what happens as you close down the diaphragm on the microscope? |
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| d= wavelength/2*NA |
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| resolution equation |
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| resolution definition |
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| smallest distance between two objects which can be seen as separate or the diameter of the smallest resolvable object |
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| decrease wavelength; increase NA |
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| how to improve resolution? |
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| diplo (1) strepto (1) tetra (2) staphy (3 irregular) sarcinae (3 regular) |
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| 5 types of cocci |
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| cocco fusiform filamentous |
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| 3 types of bacillus |
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| cationic, anionic, fat soluble, insoluble |
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| 4 types of dyes |
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| methylene blue and crystal violet |
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| cationic dyes |
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| acid fuschin, congo red, nigrosin |
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| anionic dyes |
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| sudan black |
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| fat soluble dyes |
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| india ink |
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| insoluble dyes |
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| negative staining nigrosin and india ink |
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| stains background, not the cell in brightfield give dyes used |
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| simple staining methylene blue and crystal violet |
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| one dye used to stain all cells the same color give dyes used |
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| differential staining |
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| staining which causes cells to stain differently based on properties of the cells |
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| gram + |
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| these microorganisms have a higher peptidoglycan and lower lipid content in their cell wall than their opposite |
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| crystal violet, iodine, ethyl alcohol, saffranin |
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| 4 stains used for gram stain |
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| acid fast |
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| microorganisms which have a high wax content in cell walls compared to counterparts |
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| carbol fuschin, steam, acid alcohol, methylene blue |
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| 4 stains for acid fast test |
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| mycobacterium and nocardia |
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| two genera of acid fast organisms |
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| spore staining |
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| staining procedure used for structure |
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| endospores (free spores) |
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| heat and chemical resistant structures |
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| green vs pink |
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| color of endospores vs sporangium |
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| bacillus, clostridium and sporsarcinae |
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| 3 genera of spore forming organisms |
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| bacillus |
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| aerobic, gram + spore |
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| clostridium |
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| anaerobic, gram + spore |
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| sporsarcinae |
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| cocci spore |
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| malachite green, steam, water, saffranin |
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| 4 stains for structural (spore) staining technique |
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| natural media |
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| media of raw materials whose composition is unknown |
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| synthetic media |
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| media whose composition is known and is desgined for isolation, selection or differentiation |
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| selective and differential |
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| 2 sub-categories of synthetic media |
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| selective media |
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| media which favors the growth of one microorganism over another |
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| differential media |
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| media which distinguishes between different types of microorganisms |
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| phenylethyl alcohol agar |
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| selects for gram + microorganisms |
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| desocycholate agar (and eosin methylene blue) |
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| selects for gram - microorganisms which are lactose fermentors |
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| eosin methylene blue |
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| selects for gram - microorganisms and further differentiates lactose + fermentors |
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| mixed acid |
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| fermentors which produce more acid and have colonies with dark centers and metallic green halos |
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| e coli |
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| example of mixed acid fermentor |
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| butanediol fermentors |
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| produce less acid and have pale pink to lavender centers without metallic green halos |
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| enterobacteria |
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| example of butanediol fermentor |
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| gamma hemolysis |
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| no blood hemolysis, no zone of in blood agar |
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| alpha hemolysis |
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| partial hemolysis, some clearing in blood agar (sometimes looks green) |
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| beta hemolysis |
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| complete hemolysis, complete clearing in blood agar |
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| starch agar |
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| tests for the presence of amylase |
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| blue/black |
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| color for positive test in starch agar |
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| milk agar |
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| tests for the presence of caseinase |
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| clear |
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| color of milk agar when positive for enzyme |
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| lipase |
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| tests for lipase |
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| dark blue |
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| positive lipase test color |
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| yellow |
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| if microorganism is able to ferment sugar, what color will it be? |
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| gas bubble in durham tube |
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| how to know if microorganism produces gas? |
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| alkaline reaction; dark red color |
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| what will happen if microorganism does not ferment sugar? |
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| methyl red |
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| test for mixed acid fermentor |
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| voges-proskauer |
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| tests for 2,3 butanediol fermentation |
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| barrit's reagents (VPI alpha-naphthol and VPII KOH) |
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| reagents used in VP |
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| red |
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| color for 2,3 butanediol producer |
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| catalase |
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| enzyme which converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen |
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| oxygen bubbles |
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| how to know if catalase is present |
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| oxidase |
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| enzyme which can oxidize aromatic amines to form colored products |
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| dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride |
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| amine used to test for oxidase |
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| sulfanilic acid and dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine |
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| reagents added to broth in nitrate test |
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| red |
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| color of broth for nitrate positive? |
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| zinc; if turn red, nitrate -; if not, nitrate + |
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| if broth is not colored in nitrate test, what is added? what are the conclusions? |
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| kovac's (p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, amyl or butyl alcohol and HCl) |
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| reagent added for indole test |
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| phenol red |
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| pH indicator in urea test |
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| red |
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| color for positive urease test |
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| proteus |
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| example of urease and H2S positive microorganism |
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| H2S test |
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| testsw for enzyme cysteine desulfurase |
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| black |
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| color of precipitate in positive H2S test |
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| tests for sulfur, indole, motility |
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| SIM test |
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| simmons citrate |
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| tests for cirate utilization as sole carbon source |
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| growth and deep blue color |
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| positive signs for citrate test |
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| ferric chloride; green |
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| to test for presence of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) in phenylalanine test, what is added? what is the color for a positive test? |
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| lactose fermentation, caseinase presence, reduction of litmus, deamination of amino acids to produce NH3 |
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| what does litmus milk test for? |
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| pink liquid |
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| acid reaction of litmus milk |
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| pink solid |
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| acid curd reaction of litmus milk |
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| colorless litmus indicator, white color in test tube |
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| reduction in litmus milk |
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| blue liquid |
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| alkaline reaction in litmus milk |
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| clearing of medium |
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| peptonization/proteolysis in litmus milk |
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| indole, methyl red, voges-proskauer, citrate |
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| IMVC stands for... |
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| ++-- |
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| E coli IMVC results |
