question

The Authors considered the level of trauma associated with hip fractures. Which trauma level(s) were used to identify a hip fracture for this study?

answer

-low trauma -moderate trauma

question

The primary measure of PA in this study was expressed in what format?

answer

-types of PA -MET-hours per week

question

What table summarizes the overall risk reduction of hip fractures associated with physical activity?

answer

Table 2

question

The authors concluded that as PA increases (MET-hrs/week) that the risk for hip fracture decreases. They concluded that for every increase of 3 MET hours/week that hip fracture risk would decline by how much?

answer

6%

question

BMI, independently from PA, is associated with the risk of a hip fracture.

answer

TRUE

question

Increasing BMI was associated with a decline in hip fracture risk. Which level of BMI was found to have this protection?

answer

30+

question

A brisk/very brisk walking pace was found to reduce the risk for hip fractures by how much?

answer

65%

question

According to lecture, if a person is active during the pre-treatment phase, they are more likely to maintain their immune system and maintain a more positive outlook.

answer

True

question

According to lecture, the lower the stage of cancer, the higher the chance of survivability.

answer

True

question

Risk factors for colon cancer include which of the following? (mark all that apply)

answer

(Mark everything BUT diet (high fiber/ low fat)) -Family history -Inflammatory bowel disease -Age (50 years)

question

According to the CDC, there are at least how many types of cancer associated with overweight and obesity?

answer

13

question

According to lecture, the late decrease in the rates for lung cancer can be most attributed to what factor?

answer

Cigarette Smoking

question

Cancer is characterized as a group of related diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

answer

True

question

According to the CDC, which types of cancer are projected to increase the most between 2010 and 2020? (one type for males and one type for females)

answer

-Prostate Cancer -Breast Cancer

question

Studies show that cancer patients who remain active during the post-treatment phase have better functional capacity and quality of life.

answer

True

question

According to the CDC, cancer is projected to surpass heart disease as the leading cause of death

answer

True

question

Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.

answer

True

question

According to lecture, increased cancer incidence in the southeast could be related to which of the following? (mark all that apply)

answer

(MARK ALL OF THEM) -Diet -Smoking habits -Exposure to risk factors -Physical activity

question

According to the CDC, we see that cancer death rates are decreasing.

answer

True

question

Abnormal cells are related to the exposure to carcinogens.

answer

True

question

According to lecture, physical activity reduces colon cancer risk by... (mark all that apply

answer

(MARK ALL OF THEM) -Shorter bowel transit time -Improved insulin sensitivity and increase glucose uptake -Controlled weight gain with aging -Enhanced immune system

question

According to the CDC, about _____ of all cancer diagnosed in women and _____ of those diagnosed in men are overweight- and obesity-related cancers.

answer

Answer 1: 55% Answer 2: 24%

question

Cancer cells often activate oncogenes which are genes that inhibit mitosis.

answer

False

question

The cancer incidence rate measures the risk to the average person of being diagnosed with cancer.

answer

True

question

The cancer death rate measures the risk to the average person of living with cancer.

answer

False

question

According to lecture, 1 out of every 4 deaths is due to cancer.

answer

True

question

Risk factors for breast cancer include which of the following? (mark all that apply)

answer

(Mark all of them BUT diet (Low fat)) -Age -High SES -Hormone therapy

question

According to the text, what percent of cancer is strongly hereditary?

answer

5%

question

Who observed that sedentary workers had elevated risks of chronic disease, including cancer, in the early 1700s and is considered the father of occupational medicine and is an early cancer epidemiologist?

answer

Bernardino Ramazzini

question

Cancers are named by their site of origin, even if they spread to another part of the body.

answer

True

question

According to the text, cancers vary in what ways?

answer

(Mark all of them BUT blood supply) -Rate of growth -Pattern of spread -Responses to different types of treatment

question

According to the text, almost half of men and over a third of women in the U.S. will develop some form of cancer during their lifetimes.

answer

True

question

Match the following type of cancer with the characteristics that help identify it.

answer

Carcinomas: Breast, skin, colon, and lung cancer Sarcomas: Bone, muscle, and connective tissue cancer Lymphomas: Cancer of the lymphatic system Leukemias: Blood forming cells

question

Which of the following has the highest mortality rate?

answer

Lung Cancer

question

Carcinogens include which of the following? (Mark all that apply)

answer

(MARK ALL OF THEM) -Radiation -Chemicals -Prepared foods -Tobacco products

question

Lung, breast, and colorectal cancer rates have been decreasing steadily.

answer

True

question

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries.

answer

True

question

Cancer is a family of related disease that result from uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, which usually become a tumor.

answer

True

question

According to the text, suicide death rates are highest among elderly men.

answer

True

question

According to the text, the most comprehensive estimates of mental health problems among U.S. adults come from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

answer

True

question

Which of the following are types of mood disorders? (mark all that apply)

answer

(MARK ALL OF THEM) -Substance-induced mood disorders -Depression -Mood disorders due to a medical condition -Bipolar or manic depressive disorder

question

According to the text, the American Psychiatric association recognizes how many types of mood disorders?

answer

4

question

According to the text, the WHO has projected that depression will be second only to CVD as the world's leading cause of death and disability by the year 2020 and will be first by 2030.

answer

True

question

According to the CDC (2010a, 2010b), suicide is the ______ leading cause of death among 25 to 34 year-olds and the ______ leading cause of death among 15 to 24 year-olds.

answer

Answer 1: Second Answer 2: Third

question

Some risk factors for suicidal behaviors include... (mark all that apply)

answer

(Mark all BUT older age) -Unmarried -Parental psychopathology -Female sex

question

According to the book, the acute effects of exercise on the immune system were first reported over 100 years ago.

answer

True

question

According to the text, the number of natural killer cells increases both after a heavy exercise bout and light exercise.

answer

False

question

According to the text, regular physical activity could exert part of the protective effects against CVD, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and depression through anti-inflammatory effects.

answer

True

question

According to the text, the immune system is an integrated network of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs that defends an organism against infection by foreign substances and against mutated native cells.

answer

True

question

According to the book, experimental studies using men and women have shown that moderate physical activity seems to slow the growth of experimentally induced tumors.

answer

False

question

Which of the following are neurological symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

answer

-Fatigue -Loss of sensitivity -Vision problems -Muscle weakness

question

HIV is a retrovirus that uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to replicate DNA from its single-stranded RNA in a host cell.

answer

True

question

According to the text, neutrophils are are the main type of granulocytes that digest bacteria at the site of infection. They increase in number during and immediately after acute exercise.

answer

True

question

According to the text, most studies of physical activity and the immune response among humans have understandably been limited to description of cells in the blood.

answer

True

question

According to the text, it is believed that persistent inflammation is part of the pathogenesis in tumor growth but also in the development of atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS.

answer

True

question

According to the text, a temporary suppression of the immune system after heavy exercise may provide a window of susceptibility to infection if exposure to a pathogen occurs while the number of cytotoxic cells is below normal.

answer

True

question

Regular physical activity can have an inflammatory effect on diseases associated with low-grade inflammation.

answer

False

question

According to lecture, it appears that heavy exercise of high volumes of exercise can increase our risk of upper respiratory infections.

answer

True

question

Match the following characteristics with the corresponding type of immunity.

answer

Innate immunity: Rapid response, first line of defense, not selective, cellular defense Adaptive immunity: Slow response, highly selective, humoral response

question

T lymphocytes are responsible for...

answer

Helping regulate & kill infected cells

question

Natural killer cells are responsible for...

answer

Killing host cells (e.g. tumor)

question

B lymphocytes are responsible for...

answer

Identifying pathogens

question

Dendritic cells are responsible for...

answer

Antigen-presenting to T-cells

question

According to the text, reducing body fatness seems to be the key to reducing elevated C-reactive protein with an exercise program in people who are obese and who have elevated levels.

answer

True

question

Osteoporosis

answer

A disease characterizes by abnormally low bone mass

question

Osteopenia

answer

Low bone mass that may lead to osteoporosis

question

What measures bone mass

answer

DEXA or CT scan

question

Vertebral Fractures

answer

accounts for 40% of fractures in older people

question

Primary osteoporosis

answer

is held to be a bone disorder of relatively unknown origin that increases with aging and postmenopausal

question

Secondary Osteoporosis

answer

is the type of osteoporosis that has a direct cause-osteoporosis that is caused by another disease but may not be independent of age or menopause

question

Cortical Bone

answer

-80% of bone, compact

question

Trabecular bone

answer

spongy, very metabolically active, most of the action

question

Osteoblasts

answer

form new cells in the endosteum, bone forming cells

question

Osteoclasts

answer

Reabsorb older bone cells, breaking down bone cells

question

Osteocytes

answer

mature osteoblasts that continue in bone formation/growth

question

Highest cancer site incidence for men

answer

lung prostate Colorectum

question

Highest cancer site incidence for women

answer

breast lung colorectum

question

What cancer site is associated with the highest mortality? Why?

answer

Lung Cancer, because it usually isn't found until its in a later stage

question

Risk factors associated with cancer

answer

Exposure to toxic environments Smoking GI tract exposure to meats, high content of alcohol or diet high in fat and salt Excessive skin exposure Adiposity (centralized) Physical inactivity

question

What neuromodulators are impacted by PA?

answer

Serotonin NE Endorphins dopamine

question

How much of an effect does PA have on anxiety symptoms among healthy adults?

answer

Medium effect (0.40)

question

What level of protection does PA provide for 'feelings of distress'?

answer

20-30% lower risk of distress

question

How much protection against 'dementia' can an active person expect?

answer

With lifetime PA, one can expect a 37% lower risk of dementia

question

Self-efficacy theory

answer

A belief in personal capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to attain a behavioral goal

question

Theory of planned behavior

answer

Attitudes toward PA and social norms about PA influence the intention to become PA

question

Self-determination theory

answer

Proposes that the social context shapes people's motives by reinforcing or impeding their natural drive toward developing a coherent sense of self and personally directed behaviors

question

Behavior modification

answer

The planned, systematic application of principles of learning to the modification of behavior

question

Cognitive behavior modification

answer

Allows people to learn to be active, while gaining sense of self regulation; teaches self-monitoring skills and goal setting; gives feedback on activity and helps the decision making process

question

What TTM stage would incorporate relapse prevention?

answer

Stage 4 action

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