Juvenile Delinquency Soci 3347 Test 2 – Flashcards
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Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member migration in the United States? A. political, to spread the influence of gangs B. social, the gang member's family moves C. economic, to spread the drug distribution network D. social, to spread the social networks of the gang
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B. social, the gang member's family moves
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Which of the following statements best reflects control theory? A. delinquents are alienated from conventional peers, but have strong bonds to delinquent peers B. delinquents are detached from their conventional peers and from their delinquent peers C. delinquents learn delinquent values, attitudes, and behaviors from their peers D. none of the above statements reflect control theory
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B. delinquents are detached from their conventional peers and from their delinquent peers
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Which of the following statements about gangs in the 1950s and 1960s is false? A. By the mid-1960s, the gang menace seemed to have peaked. B. The decrease in gang menace was partially due to many gang members being drafted into the army. C. The threat of gangs and gang violence swept the public consciousness. D. In the 1960s, some gangs shifted their emphasis from criminal behavior to get involved in social or political activities.
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A. By the mid-1960s, the gang menace seemed to have peaked.
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According to control theory, delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society. True False
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True
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What statement about the age of gang members is false? A. Criminal records acquired at an early age quickly lock gang members out of the job market so that remaining in a gang becomes an economic necessity. B. Because members are staying in gangs longer than in the past, it is believed the average age of gang members has been increasing. C. The changing structure of the U.S. economy has allowed former gang members to leave the gang for higher paying jobs. D. Traditionally, most members of offending groups were usually no more than a few years apart in age.
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C. The changing structure of the U.S. economy has allowed former gang members to leave the gang for higher paying jobs.
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According to the text, __________________ are aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers. A. honor roll students B. millennium ragers C. controversial status youth D. street punks
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C. controversial status youth
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A ________________ gang concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior. A. party B. social C. serious delinquent D. organized
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A. party
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Fagan described this type of gang as being involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana. A. social B. party C. organized D. serious
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A. social
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Previously impoverished inner-city districts of major cities such as New York and Chicago are now quite fashionable and expensive, devoted to finance, retail stores, high-priced condos, and entertainment. Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of this development that inhibits urban gang formation? A. there is less to steal in those areas B. there are few residential areas and thus few adolescent recruits C. there are less police there to catch potential law violators D. juveniles who live there often work in the financial and commercial businesses
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B. there are few residential areas and thus few adolescent recruits
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What statement about adolescent peer relations is false? A. Peer influence may be more important than parental nurturance in the development of long-term behavior. B. Peer influence is gender specific. C. Peers may actually outweigh the influence of parents in producing a delinquent way of life. D. The number and the variety of friendships increase as children go through adolescence.
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B. Peer influence is gender specific.
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The __________________ gang was created in Los Angeles, California in 1969 by teens Raymond Washington and Stanley "Tookie" Williams. A. Bloods B. Black Assassins C. Savage Skulls D. Crips
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D. Crips
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Which of the following statements about the psychological view of gang formation is true? A. kids join gangs for protection, fun, and survival B. kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders C. gangs appeal to kids' tribal instincts D. gangs form because of destructive sociocultural forces in disorganized inner-city areas
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B. kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders
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William Julius Wilson contends that older members are still active to some degree in gangs because: A. of the inability to find adequate jobs B. older gang members are forced to remain through fear and intimidation C. young adults choose gang life over conventional roles D. they occupy lucrative leadership roles in the gang
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A. of the inability to find adequate jobs
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What is not a form of communication used by gangs? A. Graffiti B. Internet C. Hand signs D. All are forms of communication
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D. All are forms of communication
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__________ are clusters of youth who outwardly seem unified, but actually have limited cohesion, impermanence, minimal consensus of norms, shifting membership, disturbed leadership, and limited definitions of membership expectations. A. Cliques B. Gangs C. Near groups D. Klikas
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C. Near groups
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Co-offending is defined as: A. the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone B. the tendency for youths to commit delinquent acts when with older youths C. the tendency for youths to use drugs or alcohol when they commit delinquent acts D. the tendency for youths to commit 2 or more delinquent acts rather than a single act
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A. the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone
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Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time: A. partying with gang chicks B. in noncriminal activities C. planning and committing crime D. at drug and alcohol parties
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B. in noncriminal activities
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According to the _____________ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of sisterhood, independence, and solidarity, as well as a chance to earn profit through illegal activities. A. social injury B. liberation C. anthropological D. rational choice
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B. liberation
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With regard to gender and gangs, what statement is false? A. Many of the girl gang members had early exposure to neighborhood violence. B. Studies show that females leave gangs at an older age than males. C. Most girls join gangs in an effort to cope with their turbulent personal lives. D. Female gang membership protected female gang members from sexual assault by nongang neighborhood men.
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B. Studies show that females leave gangs at an older age than males.
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Which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true? A. delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble" B. troubled kids choose delinquent peers out of desire rather than necessity C. youths who maintain friendships with antisocial peers are less likely to become delinquent D. as children move through the life course, they outgrow their antisocial friends
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A. delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble"
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Prevention of school bullying has taken many forms, what is not one of the methods? A. Discussions with individual students to identify bullies and victims B. School assemblies outing bullies C. Establishment of classroom rules against bullying D. Teacher in-service training to raise awareness
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D. Teacher in-service training to raise awareness
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What statement about improving school climate and security is false? A. Administrators who apply school rules evenly and increase the certainty of punishment for breaking school rule can create the multifaceted approach needed provide a safer school environment. B. Tighter school security may only displace acts of violence to the community. C. Early identification of at-risk students and removing them from the school will assist in lowering the crime rate in the school. D. To reduce school-based crime, administrators might be better off improving the standards of the teaching staff rather than installing strict security.
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C. Early identification of at-risk students and removing them from the school will assist in lowering the crime rate in the school.
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Delinquency has been associated with low self-control and impulsivity, traits that also may produce school failure. True False
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True
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Over time the overall dropout rate has: A. stayed the same B. increased C. decreased D. not been measured by U.S. school officials
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C. decreased
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Schools can drug test student athletes according to the United States Supreme Court decision in: A. Goss v. Lopez B. Ingraham v. Wright C. Vernonia School District v. Acton D. New Jersey v. T.L.O.
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C. Vernonia School District v. Acton
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What statement is true about dropping out? A. Poverty and family dysfunction increase the chances of dropping for minority students only. B. African American children receive more disciplinary infractions than children from other racial categories, despite the fact that their behavior is quite similar. C. Kids who miss more than 10% of instructional time are at risk for dropping out. D. Most dropouts left because while they liked school, they could not afford associated educational expenses.
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B. African American children receive more disciplinary infractions than children from other racial categories, despite the fact that their behavior is quite similar.
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Research indicates that the social and educational atmosphere of a school: A. has no impact on school crime B. has proven to be a mixed bag of results on levels of crime and violence C. is the least important predictors of levels of violence. D. is one of the most important predictors of levels of violence.
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D. is one of the most important predictors of levels of violence.
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Academic tracking is an effective method for providing academic success to all students in a school. True False
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True
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What percent of schools reported bullying among students on a daily or weekly basis? A. 25 B. 35 C. 15 D. 45
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25
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Approximately what percentage of high school students dropout? A. 25% B. 33% C. 40% D. 10%
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40
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The 1969 Supreme Court case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District is the most important case concerning: A. a student's right to passive speech B. the censorship of articles in student publications C. a student's right to pray in school D. a student's right to active speech
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A. a student's right to passive speech
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What is not one of the effects of dropping out of high school? A. The median income of dropouts is substantially less than those who complete. B. Those who leave school early have a long history of poor school performance and antisocial behaviors. C. Dropouts report higher tax contributions than those who complete. D. Dropouts make up a disproportionately higher percentage of the nation's prison and death row inmates.
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C. Dropouts report higher tax contributions than those who complete.
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There are three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency; which of the following statements does not reflect one of these three views? A. school failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior B. school failure and delinquency share a common cause: social and personal problems C. school failure is unrelated to delinquency D. school failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior
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C. school failure is unrelated to delinquency
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About what percent of students report bringing a weapon to school regularly? A. 10 B. 40 C. 20 D. 30
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10
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High schools with a completion rate of 40% or less are known as: A. dropout factories B. school failure districts C. underachievers D. failing schools
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A. dropout factories
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Policies that mandate specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and do not allow anyone to avoid these consequences are referred to as: A. balanced policies B. restorative policies C. zero tolerance policies D. retributive policies
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C. zero tolerance policies
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Cross-national surveys that compare academic achievement show that the United States is among the top nations in critical academic areas such as math and science. True False
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True
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Family dysfunction increases the chances of dropping out of school among all racial and ethnic groups. True False
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True
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Which of the following is not an educational factor related to dropping out? A. Maintaining a grade point average just below a 2.0 B. The use of suspensions and transfers by school administration as the solution to troublemakers. C. Missing 10% of instructional time in a school year D. Failing one course
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D. Failing one course
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Which statement is false with regard to minority students in school? A. Over 70 percent of the students involved in school-related arrests or referred to law enforcement were Hispanic or black. B. The relatively high dropout rate among minorities is the legacy of disciplinary policies instituted more than 40 years ago. C. A smaller percentage of minority students are in gifted and talented programs. D. Black students are less likely to be suspended or expelled than white students
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D. Black students are less likely to be suspended or expelled than white students
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In the past 40 years, what is the estimated total cost of the War on Drugs? A. $500 billion B. $750 billion C. $900 million D. $1 trillion
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D. $1 trillion
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The main active ingredient in marijuana is: A. tetrahydrocannabinol B. phosphoric acid C. erythorbic acid D. sodium benzoate
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A. tetrahydrocannabinol
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The War on Drugs has been a major source of the racial discrimination that occurs in the juvenile justice system. True False
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True
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What percent of high school seniors reported using alcohol in the past year? A. 52% B. 64% C. 37% D. 78%
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64
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Today, Afghanistan is the world leader in opium production. True False
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True
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Crack is manufactured by using _________________________ to remove hydrochlorides to create a crystaline form of cocaine that can be smoked. A. thiamine mononitrate B. sodium bicarbonate C. sodium phosphate D. calcium phosphate
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B. sodium bicarbonate
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According to the text, how do family factors impact drug use? A. The majority of drug users had a normal and functional childhood. B. It is most common to find substance abusers in smaller families. C. Drug abuse patterns may result from observation of parental drug use. D. none of the above
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C. Drug abuse patterns may result from observation of parental drug use.
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What statement is false with regard to those who persist in both substance abuse and crime? A. They do well in school. B. They come from poor families. C. They use multiple types of drugs and commit crimes frequently. D. Their family members include other criminals
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A. They do well in school.
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Which of the following is the most powerful natural stimulant? A. Amphetamine B. LSD C. PCP D. Cocaine
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D. Cocaine
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Which of the following statements about harm reduction approaches is false? A. Its critics warn that it condones or promotes drug use B. Advocates refer to harm reduction as a valuable interim measure in dealing with drug use C. Harm reduction strategies have only been successful when implemented in residential facilities D. Harm reduction encapsulates some of the efforts advanced under the community and treatment strategies
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C. Harm reduction strategies have only been successful when implemented in residential facilities
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The latest National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) results show that what percent of youths ages 12 to 17 engaged in binge drinking? A. 15% B. 21% C. 8% D. 33%
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8
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_________________ are central nervous system depressants, and they produce loss of sensation, stupor, and unconsciousness. A. Cocaine B. Stimulants C. Anesthetic drugs D. Inhalants
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C. Anesthetic drugs
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The most widely abused anesthetic drug is phencyclidine, also known as: A. MDMA B. LSD C. PCP D. crack
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C. PCP
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Almost two-thirds of all admissions to treatment facilities in the United States involved ______________________ as the primary drug of abuse. A. tobacco B. codeine C. cocaine D. marijuana
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D. marijuana
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Levitt and Venkatesh's research on the financial activities of a drug-selling street gang indicates that: A. money appears to be the most significant motivating factor in drug dealing B. drug-selling gang members never use drugs themselves C. at least for drug dealers, factors other than income may explain participation in this activity D. none of the above
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A. money appears to be the most significant motivating factor in drug dealing
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Which of the South American countries has not agreed to coordinate drug control efforts with the United States? A. Brazil B. Peru C. Bolivia D. Colombia
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D. Colombia
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Long-term consequence of targeting large-scale drug rings has been to decentralize drug dealing and to encourage teenage gangs to become major suppliers. True False
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True
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According to the 2011 Monitoring the Future survey, annual use of OxyContin, a prescription painkiller narcotic, ______________ among 12th graders from 2010. A. remained unchanged B. decreased marginally C. increased moderately D. Increased significantly
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B. decreased marginally
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According to the text, which of the following may be the most significant influence on long-term substance abuse? A. sibling relationships B. parents C. accessibility D. peer networks
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D. peer networks
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Which is not a consequence of long-term steroid use? A. Mental problems B. Risk of contracting HIV C. Sexual dysfunction D. Euphoria
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D. Euphoria
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Of the evaluations of job training programs, what statement is true? A. Due to skills learned, greater earnings were gained by those in the programs. B. For each dollar that was spent on the program, there was a greater cost to taxpayers. C. Participation in the program resulted in varied increases in criminal activity. D. Educational attainment did not flourish under the programs.
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A. Due to skills learned, greater earnings were gained by those in the programs.
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What is not one of the key features of a highly structured preschool program? A. Allowance for the administration of corporal punishment with parental approval. B. Developmentally appropriate learning curricula. C. Activities for parents to support the school experience at home. D. A wide array of cognitive-based enriching activities.
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A. Allowance for the administration of corporal punishment with parental approval.
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What statement regarding delinquency prevention programs is false? A. Recent research shows that the general public is not supportive of delinquency prevention programs due to costs. B. Early childhood delinquency prevention programs aim at positively influencing the early risk factors or "root causes" of delinquency. C. Early childhood interventions are often multidimensional and targeted at more than one risk factor. D. No statement is false.
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A. Recent research shows that the general public is not supportive of delinquency prevention programs due to costs.
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Intervention with adjudicated juvenile offenders where the goal is to reduce repeat offending or recidivism through such measures as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment is A. secondary prevention B. tertiary prevention C. delinquency repression D. primary prevention
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B. tertiary prevention
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According to the text, approximately how many youths are in some form of correctional institution in the United States today? A. 100,000 B. 25,000 C. 57,000 D. 70,000
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D. 70,000
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If the youth is adjudicated delinquent, the court must decide an outcome or treatment approach; this decision is made during the: A. pretrial conference B. adjudication hearing C. dispositional hearing D. arraignment
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B. adjudication hearing
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Which of the following is not a potential benefit of teen courts? A. Timeliness B. Decreased cost C. Offender accountability D. Inhibiting community-court relationships
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B. Decreased cost
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According to the text, what is the biggest issue with mentoring programs? A. What the mentors actually do and how they do it. B. Why the mentee is there. C. When the relationship ends. D. How the mentor and mentee are matched.
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A. What the mentors actually do and how they do it.
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Like adults, juveniles are protected against unreasonable searches and seizures under the ________________ and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution. A. Fifth B. Seventh C. Fourth D. Eight
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C. Fourth
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Which of the following statements about the juvenile justice system is false? A. There are conflicting values in juvenile justice that pit crime control against treatment. B. Some states are experimenting with peer-run teen courts. C. The juvenile justice process consists of a series of steps from intake through post-disposition. D. The terminology used in juvenile justice is designed to stigmatize kids.
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D. The terminology used in juvenile justice is designed to stigmatize kids.
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Which of the following programs is not a delinquency prevention effort? A. Mentoring B. Boot camps C. Preschool D. Job training
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B. Boot camps
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Which of the following not a feature that accounts for the success of the Nurse-Family Partnership? A. Use of nurses B. Intensity C. Targeted nature D. Use of paraprofessionals
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A. Use of nurses
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The National Research Council and Institute of Medicine's Panel on Juvenile Crime expressed alarm over an increasingly punitive juvenile justice system and recommended that the federal government should assist states: A. in focusing their efforts on the protection of the community B. by limiting monetary incentives for peer-run alternative courts C. to develop community-based alternatives D. to develop residential intervention programs designed to reduce delinquency
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C. to develop community-based alternatives
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Programs or policies designed to prevent juvenile delinquency that include police making an arrest as part of an operation to address gang problems are considered: A. delinquency prevention B. delinquency control C. experimental prevention D. randomized trials
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B. delinquency control
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Programs or policies designed to prevent delinquency that involve day care providers, nurses, teachers, social workers fall under: A. randomized trials B. experimental prevention C. delinquency prevention D. delinquency control
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C. delinquency prevention
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Child abuse, poverty, intra-familial violence, and harsh punishment increase the risk of occurrence of a future delinquent act and are considered: A. protective factors B. control factors C. delinquency repression D. risk factors
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D. risk factors
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The main goal of Job Corps, developed and designed by the Department of Labor, is: A. to improve the employability of participants B. to assist with educational attainment C. to decrease criminal activity among the participants D. to provide healthcare to participants
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A. to improve the employability of participants
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A(n) __________________ for a juvenile is similar to a criminal trial for an adult. A. sentencing hearing B. adjudicatory hearing C. bifurcated process D. disposition hearing
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D. disposition hearing
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Which of the following is not a broad objective of the Nurse-Family Partnership? A. Improve the outcomes of pregnancy B. Improve women's own personal life-course development C. Improve the quality of care that parents provide to their children D. All are objectives of the program.
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D. All are objectives of the program.
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According to the text, which of the following is the most common sentence given to juvenile offenders? A. detention B. residential treatment C. Probation D. Parole
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C. Probation
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Cliques
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Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences
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Crows
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loosely organized groups who share interests and activities
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Controversial status youth
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Aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers and who are the ones most likely to become engaged in antisocial behavior
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Gang
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Group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors
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Interstitial Area
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An area of the city that forms when there is a crack in the social fabric and in which deviant groups, cliques and gangs form
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Klikas
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Subgroups of same-aged youths in Latino gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang
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Graffiti
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Inscriptions or drawings made on a wall or structure and used by delinquents for gang messages and turf definition
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Representing
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Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation
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Social Gang
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Involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana. Members are more interested in social activities
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Party Gang
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Concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior. Drug sales are designed to finance member's personal drug use
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Serious delinquent gang
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Engages in serious delinquent behavior while avoiding drug dealing and usage. Drugs are used only on social occasions
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Near Groups
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Clusters of youth who outwardly seem unified, but actually have limited cohesion, impermanence, minimal consensus of norms, shifting membership, disturbed leadership, and limited definitions of membership expectations
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Barrio
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A spanish word meaning "district"
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Prestige crimes
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Stealing or assaulting someone to gain prestige in the neighborhood; often part of gang initiation rites
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Detached street workers
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Social workers who went out into the community and established close relationships with juvenile gangs with the goal of modifying gang behavior to conform to conventional behavior and helping gang members get jobs and educational opportunities
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Academic achievement
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Being successful in a school environment
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Drop out
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To leave school before completing the required program of education
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Dropout factories
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Schools in which the graduation rate is 40% or less
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Underachievers
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Those who fail to meet expected levels of school achievement
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Tracking
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Dividing students into groups according to their ability and achievement levels
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Bullying
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Repeated, negative acts committed by one or more children against another, which may be physical or verbal
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Gender policing
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Pressure to conform to gender expectations
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Zero tolerance policy
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Mandating specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and not allowing anyone to avoid these consequences
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Passive Speech
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A form of expression protected by the first amendment, but not associated with actually speaking words; examples include wearing symbols or protest messages on buttons or signs
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Active Speech
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Expressing an opinion by speaking or writing; freedom of speech is a protected right under the First Amendment to the U.S. constitution
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in loco parentis
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In the place of the parent; rights given to schools that allow them to assume parental duties in discipling students
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Addiction-prone personality
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The view that the cause of substance abuse can be traced to a personality that has a compulsion for mood-altering drugs
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Multisystemic therapy (MST)
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Addresses a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem-solving and communication skills training
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Delinquency control or delinquency repression
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Involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act
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Delinquency prevention
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Involves any non justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act
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Risk factor
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A negative prior factor in an individuals life that increases the risk of occurrence of a future delinquent act
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Protective factor
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A positive prior factor in an individuals life that decreases the risk of occurrence of a future delinquent act
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Randomized controlled experiment
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Considered the "gold standard" of evaluation designs to measure the effect of a program on delinquency or other outcomes. Involves randomly assigning subjects either to receive the program (the experimental group) or not receive it (the control group).
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Juvenile Justice Process
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Under the parens party philosophy, juvenile justice procedures are informal and non adversarial, invoked for juvenile offenders rather than against them. A petition instead of a complaint is filed, courts make findings of involvement or adjudication of delinquency instead of convictions, and juvenile offenders receive dispositions instead of sentences
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Detention hearing
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A hearing by a judicial officer of a juvenile court to determine whether a juvenile is to be detained or released while proceedings are pending in the case
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Adjudicatory hearing
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the fact finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition
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Bifurcated process
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the procedure of separating adjudicatory and dispositionary hearings so different levels of evidence can be heard at each
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Disposition
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For juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders; juvenile dispositions would be more rehabilitative than retributive
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Petition
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Document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile
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Systematic review
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A type of review that uses rigorous methods for locating, appraising, and synthesizing evidence from prior evaluation studies
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Meta-analysis
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a statistical technique that synthesizes results from prior evaluation studies
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Pledge system
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Early english system in which neighbors protected each other from thieves and warring groups
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watch system
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replaced the pledge system in England; watchmen patrolled urban areas at night to provide protection from harm
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Community Policing
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Police strategy that emphasizes fear reduction, community organization, and order maintenance rather than crime fighting
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Juvenile officers
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police officers who specialize in dealing with juvenile offenders; they may operate alone or as a part of a juvenile police unit in the department
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Role conflicts
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conflicts police offices face that revolve around the requirement to perform their primary duty of law enforcement and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders
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Custodial interrogation
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Questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process. Juveniles have the same rights as adults agains the self incrimination when being questioned
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Miranda warning
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Supreme Court decisions require police officers to inform individuals under arrest of their constitutional rights. Warnings must also be given when suspicion begins to focus on an individual in the accusatory stage
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Procedural Justice
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an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offenders or another groups problem or dispute was handled by police
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Pulling Levers Policing
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A focused deterrence strategy that involves applying all available measures or "levers" to police as well as communicating with offenders to reduce a targeted delinquent problem
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In a classic 1963 study, Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than 1,000 juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that _________ of police contacts with juveniles were handled informally. A. 48% B. 16% C. 37% D. 64%
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64%
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Federal funding from the ________________________________, an agency set up to fund justice-related programs, was a catalyst for developing hundreds of new police programs and enhancing police services for children. A. C.O.P.S B. L.E.A.A. C. O.J.J.D.P. D. N.I.J.
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A. C.O.P.S
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What U.S. Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody? A. Breed v. Jones B. in re Gault C. People v. Lara D. Miranda v. Arizona
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D. Miranda v. Arizona
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The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is one example of a _______________________ partnership to prevent delinquency. A. school and community B. police and school C. police and community D. police and community
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B. police and school
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What policing system was used in England prior to the Norman conquest and the establishment of the watch system? A. pledge system B. community policing C. posse system D. constable system
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A. pledge system
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According to _____________________, juveniles can waive their Miranda rights, but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case, otherwise known as the totality of the circumstances. A. Miranda v. Arizona B. California v. Prysock C. People v. Lara D. Courtright v. Pennsylvania
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C. People v. Lara
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The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model, often referred to as: A. S.A.R.A. B. D.A.R.E. C. C.O.P.S. D. B.A.R.T.
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A. S.A.R.A.
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Decentralized police operations, direct engagement with the community, empowering line officers, and community partnerships are associated with: A. professional policing B. community policing C. problem orientated policing D. traditional policing
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B. community policing
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According to the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey, what percent of local police departments have full-time community policing officers? A. 68% B. 47% C. 16% D. 39%
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47%
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The most important police official in the American colonies was: A. top pledge B. police chief C. Sheriff D. Watchman
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C. Sheriff
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One method of contemporary delinquency prevention relies on aggressive patrolling targeted at specific patterns of delinquency, such as targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations. This strategy is known as: A. Problem-oriented policing B. Saturation patrol C. Community policing D. Pulling levers
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B. Saturation patrol
question
Operation Ceasefire has two main elements: a direct law enforcement focus on illicit gun traffickers who supply youth with guns and: A. reduction in truancy in city schools B. an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence C. reduction in unlicensed street vendors D. reintegration of hard core gang members into conventional society
answer
B. an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence
question
Which of the following statements about police informants is true? A. they are not utilized during investigations involving juveniles B. they are undercover cops that develop access to criminal networks C. they share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment D. the evidence obtained through informants is inadmissible in court
answer
C. they share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment
question
Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness? A. probable cause B. absolute certainty C. reasonable suspicion D. beyond a reasonable doubt
answer
A. probable cause
question
The first professional police force was established in 1829 in: A. Boston B. London C. New York City D. Athens
answer
B. London
question
The protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is contained within the ________________ Amendment. A. Fifth B. Fourth C. Sixth D. First
answer
B. Fourth
question
Most studies conclude that nine variables are important in the police discretionary process. Which of the following is not one of these variables? A. the offender's prior contacts with the police B. the type and seriousness of the offense C. the attitude of the complainant D. the officer's personality type
answer
D. the officer's personality type
question
Crimes such as murder, rape, and ________________ are felonies. A. robbery B. Speeding C. Speeding D. petty larceny
answer
A. robbery
question
Operation Ceasefire utilized a highly focused deterrence strategy that involves communicating to offenders direct and explicit messages about the responses they can expect if certain illegal behavior (e.g., gun violence) is not ceased. This strategy is known as: A. Pulling levers B. Community policing C. Saturation patrol D. Problem-oriented policing
answer
A. Pulling levers
question
Which of the following statements about juveniles' views about the police is false? A. African American teens are more likely to view the police favorably than their white counterparts B. White non-Hispanic youth are the least likely to have a favorable view of the police of all racial/ethic groups C. Asian and Hispanic youth are less likely to view the police favorably than their African American counterparts D. all of the above are true
answer
A. African American teens are more likely to view the police favorably than their white counterparts
