Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812 – Flashcards

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Election of 1800
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-2 elections occurred. -Rematch of the 1796 election between Adams (Pickney) and Jefferson (Burr). -The campaigns were dirty, which ended up breaking the friendship of Jefferson and Adams. -Jefferson barely won -Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 as at the time their was only 1 ballot where you got 2 votes for president, not individually for president and vice president. -Burr decided not to differ the presidency to Jefferson as he craved power. -The house has to break the tie between Jefferson and Burr. The states voted in blocks. -Federalists wanted Burr to win. -Hamilton warned every one not to vote for Burr. -The tie in House was finally broken and Jefferson won. -Called a revolutionary election because there was a transfer of power from one group to another peacefully. Also Jefferson turned America beck to its revolutionary ideals. -Led to the 12th Amendment.
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12th Amendment
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-Each elector gets 1 vote for president and 1 vote for vice president. -If no majority is found, top 3 vote getters go to House of Representatives. (changed from 5)
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Jefferson's Presidency
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-"We are all Democratic Republicans, we are all Federalists." With this quote he was trying to show his bipartisanship to ease the Federalists. -Not as majestic as his predecessors. No carriages or wigs as he tried to stay as far away from aristocracy as possible. -Reduced the size of federal government, army and navy, which hurt them in the War of 1812. -Repeals the Alien Act because Republicans control the house. -The Sedition Act had already expired and Jefferson pained anyone in jail or with a criminal record due to the Sedition Act. -Repeals the Whisky Tax. -Did not touch things that were not broken. -Kept national bank and debt plan.
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Virginia Dynasty
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Beginning of numerous presidents from the state of Virginia. (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) All were republican, were secretary of state, modest, tried to expand the powers of the president, western expansion and expansion of voting rights.
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1803 Marbury v. Madison
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-Marbury wants to force Madison to deliver his commission, but Madison doesn't want to give it to him. -Marbury sued and went strait to the Supreme Court because it was a Federal Case. -Marbury had a legal right broken. -The Judiciary Act of 1789 allows Marbury to go directly to the Supreme Court, allows the Supreme Court to deme law unconstitutional and that congress cannot change jurisdiction. -Marshall said that since Adams appointed Marbury, he had a legal right to the position of Justice of the Peace for 5 years so he deserves his commission. -Marshall establishes Judicial review (the power of the court to deme laws unconstitutional), was originally reserve for the President with his veto, but extended to the Supreme Court. -Supreme Court dramatically increases power. -Worst nightmare for Republicans. -Strikes down section 13 of judiciary act.
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War Against Barbary States
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-Pirates from Northern Africa. -Forced countries to pay tribute or they will confiscate ships and cargo. -All European countries paid it, but the U.S. couldn't afford it. -1790s, U.S. paid tribute. -1800, the tribute was raised and Jefferson didn't want to pay it. -1801 to 1805, Jefferson sent ships to the shores of Tripoli. -The attacks were successful. -Jefferson only had to pay to regain hostages.
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Louisiana Purchase
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-France acquired the territory from Spain by a threat from Napoleon. -Under Spanish rule the U.S. could use the Mississippi and the port of New Orleans. -We could easily conquer Spanish territory, nut Napoleon was far more powerful. -Jefferson send Monroe to meet Livingston in France to go and approach Napoleon to buy New Orleans for a maximum amount of $10 million. -Napoleon counter offers them all of Louisiana for $15 million because he had just failed in the Caribbean, thought he would lose the territory anyway, he also needed money for his European conquests, lastly he felt that Jefferson would make an alliance with Britain so he wanted maintain the U.S. as allies. -Livingston and Monroe immediately take the generous offer without consulting Jefferson. -Jefferson's problem is that the constitution does not give the President the power to purchase land. -Creates it in a treaty form. -Doubles the size of the U.S.
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Lewis and Clark
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-Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark from St. Louis to the Pacific Northwest. -They bring backs maps and artifacts and information about native american tribes.
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Election of 1804
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-Jefferson vs Charles Coatsworth Pickney. -Jefferson wins by a landslide. -Clinton is Jefferson's Vice President.
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Hamilton vs Burr
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-Burr was trying to become the governor of New York. -Burr wanted power for self-glorification. -Honor was everything in European society and if someone challenged you to a duel, you had to accept. -Hamilton wrote a letter insulting Burr and refused to retract his statements. -Went to duel in NJ because it is banned in NY. -Hamilton goes into history as a hero and Burr goes into history as a murderer. -Burr latter planned to conquer the south west with Wilkensen who was the governor of the territory out there. Jefferson finds out and Burr is tried in Supreme Court. -Marshall rules that their needs to be more than just a plan of treason to be accused of treason. -Burr goes to England.
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Jefferson's Second Term
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-England vs France is the major problem. -Jefferson was unpopular and unsuccessful in the second term. -All of Europe was in a war. -Trade between Britain and France is interrupted. -Napoleon tries to cut England off from European trade. -In response Britain tries to cut of France from American trade.
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Embargo Act of 1807
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-American refusal to export goods. -Trying to force Britain and France to change their behavior. -The embargo backfired as Jefferson overestimates Britain and France's dependence on American goods. -Hurt the Americans the most.
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Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
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-Passed by Madison. -Embargo with just France and Britain. -Replacement for Embargo Act.
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Election of 1808
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-Jefferson reinforces the 2 term precedent by stepping down. -Madison defeats Pickney handley. -Inherited the England vs. France Issue.
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Lead up to War of 1812
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-Madison proposed to Britain and France that whoever stopped attacking American ships first, they would lift the Embargo on. -Napoleon shows interest and Britain hesitates. -U.S. lifts Embargo on France, but not Britain. -June of 1812, Madison asks congress for a declaration of war. -There was a majority in both houses of congress so the war began with England. -Madison did not know that the Orders of Council had been rescinded, which stopped the capture of American ships, but Madison did not know for 6 weeks. -War would not have happened if Madison knew.
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Causes of War of 1812
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Impressment: -British violated Americans rights of seas. -Britain impressed American seamen. Indians helped by Britain: -British gave the natives weapons. -In the Ohio Valley, Tecumseh of the Shawnee put together a confederation of traditional enemies and preached going back to tradition native american ways. -1811, Battle of Tippecanoe, William Henry Harrison defeated the prophet and became a hero. Canada: -If we won the war we probably could annex Canada. War Hawks: -In the South and the West. -Advocated for war. -Led by John Calhoun (SC), Henry Clay (KY) and Daniel Webster (MA). -3 men from 3 regions, all in congress for 40 years. -Also expansionists.
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Election of 1812
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Madison defeats Clinton in a fairly close election.
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War of 1812
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-Large portion of U.S. opposed the war, -U.S. is not prepared for war due to Jefferson reducing the size of army and navy. -Britain was in a war with Napoleon at the time. -1812 to 1813, U.S. invades Canada and fails when Detroit falls to the British. -The war shifted to the Great Lakes. -9/18/13, U.S., led by Oliver Perry Hazard, wins Battle of Lake Erie. Led to the recapture of Detroit and the victory at the Battle of Thames. -Americans had advantage in Great Lakes as they had to build ships on the shores of the Lakes and they were also small so Britain could not use their great navy to its fullest potential. -10/18/13, U.S. defeats Tecumseh who dies at the Battle of Thames in Ontario. Ends the Native American confederation. -1814 Napoleon is driven from power and sent into exile allowing Britain to focus on invasion of the U.S. 3 Invasions: 1) Invasion of the North repelled in August, 1814 as McDonough defeated the British at Lake Champlain. 2) Invasion from the East was devastating. The British burned D.C. in August 1814. They attempted to invade Baltimore, but fail and Francis Scott Key write the Star-Spangled banned 3) Invasion of the South was to go after New Orleans. Andrew Jackson man-slaughters the British as the casualties are 2,000 to 70 in his favor. Was actually fought after the peace treaty was signed in December of 1812. -U.S. think they have won the war. -1814 at the Hartford Convention, they demanded constitutional returns and secession was on the table. -Delegates went to the burned D.C.. When they get their it is in shambles and the battle of New Orleans has already occurred. -1814 Treaty of Ghent. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Impressment and clauses of the war were not addressed as they solves themselves over time.
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Results of War of 1812
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-Nationalism. -Isolationism as the U.S. does not participate in a European war for 100 years. -Focus moves to western expansion. -Gained international respect as they had won a major war as a unified country. -New Heros are Jackson and Harrison -Big losers are Native Americans who cannot live east of the Mississippi. Also the end of the Federalist party.
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Rush-Baggot Agreement of 1817
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-No warships allowed in the Great Lakes.
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Convention of 1818
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-Set up U.S. Canadian border for the Louisiana purchase at the 49th parallel.
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Industrial Revolution
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-Economic revolution. -Began in Europe. -Society changed the way they produce their products. -Most production was in northern factories. -Goods were produced faster and cheaper. -U.S. became self-sufficient.
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Panic of 1819
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-Economy expanded too rapidly. -People began to speculate on land. -Economy blew up.
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South
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-Grew tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo in 1700s. -Grew very little cotton. -1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. Which allowed seeds to be picked out of cotton very easily. -The number of slaves increased dramatically to work in the cotton fields. -Cotton became the official product of the south. -South sold cotton to the north and Europe. -Led to even more sectionalism.
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The American System
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-James Madison supported Henry Clay's idea to connect and maximize income for all regions and eventually economic dependence and self-sufficiency. -Protective Tariff of 1616 was a 20%-25% tariff to protect northern industries from Europe. Hurt the consumers the most. Also hurt the south because they do not directly benefit. Clay and Calhoun of the South and West liked the Tariff because of nationalism. -Transportation including a national road system from Maryland to Illinois. led to the creation of the Erie Canal in 1825. -A second bank of the United States because the first one was set to expire after 20 years. New one was supposed to expire in 1836. Shows republican acceptance of Hamilton's system.
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Election of 1816
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-Monroe destroys King who is the last federalist in any election. -Era of Good feeling. -Monroe was capable, but not brilliant
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McCulloch v Maryland
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-1819 -Maryland taxing the nation bank's branch in Maryland. -Power to tax is the power to destroy. -7 to 0 in favor of McCulloch. -Article I (Necessary and Propper Clause). -Article VI (Supremacy Clause). -Marshall said that a state cannot tax federal government due to the supremacy clause. -First time the court strikes down on a state law.
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Gibbons v Ogden
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-1824 -Dealt with a state giving a monopoly between the water of NY and NJ. -Ogden was give a monopoly over the waterways of NY and NJ. -Gibbons was forced to stop trading. -Gibbons sued. -6 to 0 in favor of Gibbons. -Article VI (Supremacy Clause). -Marshall said that only congress can regulate interstate commerce and when a state law interferes with a federal law the federal law trumps the state law. -Increases power of federal government.
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Election of 1820
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-James Madison runs unopposed. -1 elector casted a blank ballot so that Washington could be the only President unanimously elected.
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Great Britain Treaties
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-Negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. -49th parallel to rocky mountains is the boundary for the Louisiana territory. -Agreed to demilitarize the Canadian border and the great lakes. -Agreed to joint occupation of Oregon territory.
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Spain
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-Spain was growing weaker and weaker. -Monroe asked Jackson to take a force into florida to defeat the Native American tribes and any Spanish men he sees along the way in order to convince Spain to concede Florida -Jackson destroyed the natives and took a few Spanish prisoners. -John Quincy Adams signs the Adams-Onis treaty where U.S. gains Florida.
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1823 Monroe Doctrine
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-Most of latin America is now independent countries. -Europe was trying to regain territory in the Western Hemisphere. -Written by John Quincy Adams. -Says there can be no new colonies in the Western Hemisphere, unless they were already established. In return the U.S. would not interfere with anything in the Eastern Hemisphere. -Was supported by England because England already had colonies in the Americas. -Europe had to respect it because it was backed by Britain. -Statement was meant to last forever.
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
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-Missouri Petitioned to enter the union as a slave state which would break the evenness of the 11:11 ratio. -Slave states would have more power in the Senate. -Also wanted to determine what would come from the rest of Louisiana. -Written by Henry Clay. -Missouri enters the union as a slave state and Main enters the union as a free soil state. -Missouri can be a slave state, but all new states above the 36°30' line are to be free states.
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