Jazz Mirror Review [9/15/2015] – Flashcards
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African cultural music advanced by...
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slave trade
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Distinct features of African music
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polyrhythms, pentatonic scale
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field holler
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sung by solitary worker, identification
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shout
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more defined than field holler, three line stanzas where second line is often repeat of the first
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work song
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sung by groups of workers, usually with call and response, with distinct pulse (usually tools)
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call and response
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one lead singer issuing the call, and the rest of the participants providing the response
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country blues (AKA "rural blues") originated...
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in the south
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W.C. Handy was known as
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Father of the Blues
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Minstrel shows
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consisted of a series of short comedy skits, song-and-dance routines, and juggling acts: primarily featured comical and derogatory depictions of slaves and their lives
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Vaudeville
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similar to minstrel shows, they were touring shows of short comedy skits and musical acts, but without the humor associated with slave life
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cakewalk
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dance contest patterned after the syncopated songs played by slave string bands on fiddles and banjos and accompanied by foot stomping
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the Blues
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played a vital role in the birth of jazz; it eventually became an emotional release for feelings of lost love, sexual frustration, poverty, jealousy, and a whole list of other things
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the Mississippi Delta
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a 250-mile stretch of land from Tennessee down to Mississippi where hard work, oppressive heat, poverty, and racial terror characterized life in the Delta in the late 19th century
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Robert Johnson
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Undoubtedly the most famous and legendary of the Delta blues musicians (1911-1938)
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Leadbelly (Huddie Ledbetter)
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one of the greatest early Texas bluesmen who lived a troublesome life
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Texas blues
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the bluesmen of this region were known for their strong guitar playing in a more relaxed, fold-like manner than the Delta style
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Country blues
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was the first blues style, characterized by male singers who accompanied themselves on the guitar
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jug bands
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slave string ensembles that played syncopated music with fiddles, banjos, washboards, and foot stomping
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ragtime
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a style of typically piano music that cropped up in the 1890's that copied the syncopation of jug bands, where the left hand substituted for the foot stomping beat and the right hand simulated the short, syncopated banjo melodies
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pianola
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a piano player introduced in 1897 which allowed the consumer to buy prerecorded piano rolls that played when one pushed on the pianola foot pedals
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John Lomax (1867-1948) and his son Alan Lomax (1915-2002)
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important musicologists who archived American blues and folk music both by recordings and publishing books such as "Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Leadbelly" in 1936
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Ragtime form
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AABBACCDD
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The Missouri School
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a number of talented young performers and composers in the Missouri cities of St. Louis, Sedalia, and Carthage who gathered and began exchange ragtime-related ideas in the 1890's, which included Scott Joplin, Tom Turpin, James Scott, Scott Hayden, and Louis Chavin
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characteristics of ragtime
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fully composed instrumental (piano) music notated and sold as sheet music and piano rolls for piano players short, syncopated melodies in the right hand imitating banjos heavy beat in left hand imitating foot stomping stiff, marchlike rhythm complex form: AABBACCDD
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Treemonisha
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an opera of early black folk life in America with very little ragtime content that engulfed Scott Joplin's energy for the next eight years
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Harlem Stride piano, or stride
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a jazz piano style that was developed in the large cities of the East Coast, mainly New York, during the 1920's and 1930's
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rent parties
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parties where people could pay for rent through pooling together for some entertainment
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stride piano players
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James P. Johnson, Thomas "Fats" Waller, Willlie "The Lion" Smith, Art Tatum
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The Hot 5 and the Hot 7 (recordings emphasis)
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Louis Armstrong's band when it had 5 and 7 members respectively that made recordings of jazz that were really influential in shaping what jazz was becoming, they also recorded the "bible" of jazz -65 recordings between 1925 and 1928
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Bessie Smith
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AKA "Empress of the Blues", made popular the "Vaudeville Blues" circuit
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Boogie Woogie
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Walking bass line, improvised right hand, form
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black and tans
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where blacks and whites ate together and drank together, a social taboo in other parts of town
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cabarets
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were eating and drinking establishments
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speakeasy
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was a gang-controlled establishment where liquor was sold illegally, many speakeasies had entrances in alleys and other out-of-the-way places, with passwords required for entrance
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King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
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recorded some of the most important first recordings of jazz on April 5th and 6th, 1923
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Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers
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Jelly Roll Morton's Band that also did recordings of jazz
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scat singing
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involves an improvised solo sung by a vocalist using nonsense syllables
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spirituals
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the blending of African music tradition with European church music
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The 12 Bar Blues form
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standardized chord progression based off of I, IV, I, V, IV, I (p.20)
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Blues poetry AAB lyric form
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the formula for the lyrics of the blues
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Blind Lemon Jefferson
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Texas blues guy
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Maple Leaf Rag was written in...
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Sedalia, Missouri
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brass bands were
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very popular
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Creoles
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mix of African American and white, music was classical/European style
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Legislative Code No. 111
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part of Jim Crow Laws - Creoles now segregated with blacks no matter how little black blood in you
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Storyville
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legalized prostitution, legal "sporting houses", pianists who played there were called "professors" which included Jelly Roll Morton and Tony Jackson
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Charles "Buddy" Bolden
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1st known jazz musician to play the trumpet, and he may have played in Storyville, something of a mystery (p.38)
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James P. Johnson
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"Father of Stride"
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Stride was...
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fast, energetic, and technically challenging. Loping boom-boomchuckin in the left hand. Improvisation and flashy embellishments in the right hand. swing rhythms, blues elements
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Sidney Bechet
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child prodigy on the clarinet and was on e of the few to play soprano sax in jazz
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Jelly Roll Morton used
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Spanish tinge
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Thomas "Fats" Waller
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great pianist, singer, composer, and comedian, wrote "Ain't Misbehavin"
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Willie "The Lion" Smith
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pianist that Duke Ellington idolized/copied
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Art Tatum
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known as the greatest of all stride pianists, was blind, WAS AMAZING o
