J201 The Internet – Flashcards

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Information superhighway
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the early description for the internet that suggests people envisioned the new system for conveying information that would replace the old one
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Digitization
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information in analog form is translated in binary code that can be encoded in software and transmitted between computers
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Sputnick and the Cold War
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Soviet spacecraft that became the first to orbit the earth in 1957. Shocked the U.S for being beaten and ushered in the new era of U.S government spending on technologies, scientific and military developments
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Explorer
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1958, first successful rocket launch that formed the U.S defense department research agency that would eventually lead to the Internet
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U.S Defense Department's Advanced Research Products Agency (ARPA)
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created in 1958, assembled a team of computer scientists around the country to develop and test technological innovations
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ARPAnet
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nicknamed the Net, computer network that became the internet - it enabled military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network system
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E-mail
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Ray Tomlinson came up with an essential innovation to help researchers communicate and decided to use the "@" sign to separate the user's name from the computer name
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Microprocessors
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led to the introduction of the first personal computers which were smaller and cheaper than the bulky systems
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Fiber optic cable
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in the mid 1980s, transmitting thousands of messages simultaneously via laser light became the standard for converting communication data speedily
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National Science Foundation (NSF)
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developed high speed communication network (NSFNET) as well as five new supercomputer centers which were designed to speed up access to research data and encourage private investment in the Net - opened up its network fully to commercial use in 1990 when ARPAnet officially ended
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Web 1.0
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Internet use before the 1990s most consisted of people transferring files, accessing computer databases from remote locations and sending emails through an unwieldy interface
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World Wide Web
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developed by software engineer Tim Berners Lee - enabled users to access texts through clickable links rather than through difficult computer code
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Hypertext
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The system allowed for computer accessed information to associate with or link to other information on the internet - no matter where it was located
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HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
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the written code that creates Web pages and links can be read by all computers
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Browsers
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Software applications that help users navigate the Web
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Mosaic
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1993, the first user friendly browser to load text and graphics together in a magazine like layout
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Web 2.0
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encouraged a deeper trend to media convergence: While the internet was primarily a medium for computer savvy users to deliver text and graphic content during its Web 1.0 stage, its now a place where people can access and share all manner of media content: music on Spotify, video on Youtube - ***the iconic achievement of Web 2.0 is social networking
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Instant Messaging (IM)
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services allow users to assemble personalized "buddy lists" of friends, build personal profiles and chat in real time with any of their buddies online
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Social Networking Sites
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including Facebook, Myspace, Friendster, LiveJournal - popular places on the internet
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Blogs
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sites containing user-generated articles in chronological, journal-like form, often including reader comments and links to other sites
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Wikis
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informative web sites that anyone can edit and contribute to (means "quick" in Hawaiian)
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Web 3.0
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will boast even greater bandwidth for faster, more graphically rich 3D applications - will send us information based on our what they have concluded are important to us - will also likely involve ever-increasing mobile connectivity and convergence
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
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compete to provide consumers with access to the Internet - earliest offered dial-up access. Today the preferred access method is through broadband connections
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Broadband
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connection that can quickly download multimedia content via high-speed service from cable, telephone or satellite companies
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Directories
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rely on people to review and catalogue Web sites, creating categories with hierarchical topic listings that can be browsed - Ex. Yahoo acting as all purpose entry point - or portal to the internet
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Portal
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All purpose entry point to the Internet
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Search engines
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route for finding information on the web by using a complicated algorithm and an enormous database of Web Pages compiled and regularly updated by the search engine company
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Open source software
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code can be updated by anyone interested in modifying it - Ex. Lunix - shared with computer programmers and hobbyists around the world who have avidly participated to improve it
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The Internet Archive
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established in 1996, aims to ensure that researchers, historians, scholars and all U.S citizens have access to digitized content - also partnered with the Open Content Alliance to digitize every book in the public domain
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Phishing
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costly form of internet identity theft through which scammers send phony email messages that appear to be from official websites asking costumers to update their information such as their credit card details
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E-commerce
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the buying and selling of products and services on the Internet
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Cookies
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information profiles that are automatically collected and transferred between computer servers whenever users access the web sites
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Spyware
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information gathering software that's often secretly bundled with free downloaded software that sends pop up ads to users' computer screens - plant viruses and malicious click fraud programs on computers
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Opt-in policies
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require a Web site to obtain explicit permission from consumers before it can collect their browsing history data
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Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000
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passed and upheld in 2003 act requires schools and libraries that receive federal funding for internet access to use software that filters out any visual content deemed obscene, pornographic or harmful to minors, unless disabled at the request of adult users
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Economic divide
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the disparity of wealth between the rich and poor
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Digital divide
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coined from economic divide, refers to the contras t between the "information haves" (those who can afford to pay for Internet services) and the "information have nots" (those who can't) -one way of closing this gap was to make internet available in public libraries -Another way would be for cities and other municipalities to offer inexpensive WIFI
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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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led the charge to provide networked computers in libraries since 1997
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Wifi
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wireless internet access
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Mass customization
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individual consumers can tailor a web page or other media form, has enabled us to express our creativity more easily and conveniently than ever -Ex. we can create our own personal web space on Facebook without the underlying web code
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