Italian Grand Tour – Flashcards
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Definition of Grand Tour
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in the 1700s, wealthy aristocrats sent their children to study in Italy and other European countries. - Rome was the main destination for the study of art - late teens and early twenty year olds were sent - last touch of education, right of passage
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Golden Age of the Grand Tour
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1660-1840, a time of commerce and travel - traveling became necessary to anyone looking to find knowledge and intelligence
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standard grand tourists
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male, rich, late teens and early twenties - went for self realization, fun, new experiences, education, history, literature, - broaden the education of young men in ruling classes - a reprieve from responsibility - traveled sometimes with wives, with servants, helpers,
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Golden Age: attraction to italy
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Rome - political situation: europeans felt it was an expression of power and wealth - historical ruins of fragmented empires - to be seen as superior and civilized - saw italy as fragmented and helpless - conquer intellect
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portraits- why made
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power, wealth, status, worldliness, superiority, confidence, accomplishment,
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grand tourists- portrait elements
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paleness, snobby attitude, dogs, crossed legs- relaxed personality, - statues, paintings, books, architecture, clothes, - worldly, open minded, powerful, relaxed
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italy political situation
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- italy was divided, no nationalism, not stable government, no progress, ruins, backward society - felt italians were helpless to take control of their land and their people
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Britain politically
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britains felt superior, new more italians, ideas of conquest in italy not helping them, - forefront of civilization, industrial revolution and reform - economy and science - constitutional monarchy - broke with catholic church
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art
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a boom of art in italy - artists such as michelangelo, raphael, da vinci, in rome - raphael more traditional - michelangelo more independent dynamic
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william hamilton
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interested traveller, appreciates culture, products of history - buys many works or art and shares them - relaxed and at ease - luxurious travel brings and purchases everything he is interested in - only sees what he wants to see, picturesque view - not open minded, unaware of real culture - cared high aspects of life - not very attentive more unaware of culture and concerned with what he wants to be
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Italy Political
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- fragmented into states, controlled by foreign powers - decadent society, stuck in the past, denial of civilization - ruins, reflect the state in one of decay - italians unable to emancipate themselves from their condition
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year of unification of italy and government
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1861, kingdom of italy unifying the states under a Sardinian king Victor Immanuel 2nd
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italy controllers prior to unification
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spanish government in south, pope in the center, austrian family in tuscany, savoy family in north west
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travel literature
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travel writing of literary value - the protagonists journey through a different country
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travelogue
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itinerary or blog, is a text/work of travel writing
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features of travel writing
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- first person account, personal experience and departing point of travel - fiction, the incorporation of memory or dramatization, not entirely objective - includes biases - comparisons to home country - background of the writer - audience
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fictionalization
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a literary work based partly or entirely on facts but written as if it were fiction, inserting a few non factual events
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"a sentimental journey through france and italy"
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- new trend in travel literature - emphasis on inner feelings, and emotions of the protagonist - interior traveling, accompanies the real action of traveling - effects of traveling on the mind and spirit of the traveler are stressed - previous texts only reflected information about specific places itself and not about the traveler as a person through self realization
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audience influence on style and content of travel writing
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- stendhal in his journal does not elaborate about his feelings as much as he does in his published works. - he is aware of his audience, what they want to hear and what they are interested in. - goethe writes to his colleagues and friends so he includes information they are interested in, not just what he finds appealing
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how is our idea of italy constructed
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- stereotypes, fixed standard mental pictures - prejudice, preconceptions, ideas formulated prior to experiences - idealization, to believe something is perfect and dismiss reality - memory, not always exact or objective, not up to date - expectation, built in other peoples accounts, guidebooks, readings, movies etc.
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author background
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- travel writing is a perception of the other land and is intercultural exchange - italy represented by foreign travelers is half created by them in a personal interpretation and a recreation
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intercultural exchange
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when your expectations and prejudices made in your home country meet the actual reality of the culture through experience
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Goethe different from typical grand tourist
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Goethe is more immersed in the culture and people of the country he visits - humble, curious, independent - opinionated and critical - highly intelligent - travels in cognito, under a different name - travels with one other person - does not attend many social gatherings
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goethe
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curious, independent, goes to the theater, critical, enjoys architecture, art, plants, botany, goes beyond facades, beyond appearances, journey of self realization, reflection of places and events
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goethe style and audience
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diary style, based on daily entries writes to his colleagues and friends, not completely informal mostly intellectual
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goethe- objectivity
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- not completely objective, in the beginning writings, he compares the city to his country of germany. cleanliness, the people, personalities, comparative to germany. - becomes more objective in his journey's to other countries
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goethe - personal feelings
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- reveals his feelings constantly throughout his writing - he expresses his self in realization, "i seem to be a completely different person" "I was glad to study, here I want only to life, forgetting myself and the world" "One would like to think, but feels too incompetent"
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Goethe from Venice to Naples
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- goethe definitely becomes less critical when moving from venice to naples - in venice he is anxious to get to rome and is critical of everything, he comments about "the uncleanliness of the streets" "people sweeping their rubbish into the corners" he is in awe of the beauty but remains critical of the people and theater - in rome he is in awe of the beauty he is very happy to be there and has been waiting to see the arts. "Only in Rome can one educate oneself for Rome" "I set eyes on the two Colossi. To grasp them is beyond the power of the eye" - In Naples, he is much more content as a traveler. he has seen in rome what he was very anxious to see and now he can relax, he attends social gatherings, is less critical and more lively. "In Rome, I was glad to study: here I want only to live, forgetting myself and the world"
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Goethe's reason for traveling
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- a journey of self realization - to experience his fathers memories - he works in political relations and felt trapped in Germany. he went off the path, he took a job at the weimer to get back on a good path. - went to discover italy in order to get out of the box he felt he was in, he felt constricted, wanted a new experience
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Goethe Michelangelo v Raphael
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- Raphael at the time of Goethe was the favored artist and the most revered. he was simple and took art in a serious, traditional way - Michelangelo was the more dynamic, different artist and Goethe preferred him as a painter - this was a bold choice during the time period
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Goethe and feelings about Italian Art
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- very passionate about the art that he sees and very often feels an out of body experience - he was very outward about is passions about art as stendhal is in his writings - he learns a lot from rome and accepts rome as his teacher -he appreciates the classical art of the renaissance rather than the gothic art and architecture - stendhal syndrome
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stendhal syndrome
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rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fainting - had these feelings when exposed to art, a large amount of art in a single place
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Goethe in Naples v Rome
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Naples: nature, natural beauty, less stringent and structure, accepts social invitations, relaxed, humble- teaches him how to live Rome: appreciates germany more, built memories, reborn, experiences what is father did, out of body experience, learns a lot from and in rome, anxious, structured itineraries
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what does goethe find in naples that helps to open him up
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nature is what goethe experiences in naples unlike anywhere else - it helps him to relax, and appreciate the small things - "every time i wish to write words, visual images come up, images of the fruitful countryside, the open sea, the islands veiled in a haze" "I lack the mental organ which could describe them"
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Goethe's rebirth in rome
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- accept things how they are - becomes less critical - giving up bad habits - appreciates germany now that he doesnt feel trapped - out of body experience - bigger than his ego - roman antiquity, feels accomplished after seeing the architecture and art, feels like a new person
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goethe's approach to travel
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highly critical, deep thinker and analyzer - but ready to step back and take a second look at what he is criticizing, he knows he is critical
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german v italian
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-italians are more free, sensual- free of moral constraints than the germans are - italians are a coveted people, talked about, interesting and dynamic history - germany is of a higher standard than italy, more progressive - germany and its people are much different than italy, completely different lifestyles
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Goethe's thoughts on italians
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-passionate, expressive talkers - natural people, like children, childlike attitudes - carefree, vibrant - happy - easily satisfied - not so serious, naiive, no worries - have a lot of energy - not progressive
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Goethe desire to go to sicily
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- at first in rome, he was not sure if he was going to make it to sicily - sicily will be greener, more nature,
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Stendhal as a romantic writer
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-writing during the classical, romantic period of the late 18th century - style was very emotional, passionate, exaggerated, descriptive, irrational, imaginative - romantic period characterized by people who dont want to be controlled with order and constraint matches his political views of freedom
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stendhal emphasis in florence
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- in florence, stendhal emphasizes the places and landmarks of the city - he discusses santa croce, san lorenzo church, palazzo pitti and the uffizi, palazzo vecchio and all other important landmarks
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stendhal language
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romantic - irrationality - contemplation - analyzation - emotional language: soul, heart - exaggeration words: beloved, sublime, essence, utterly - feelings: intense happiness
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stendhal v goethe
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stendhal- explains places, highlights specifics about main attractions in the city, systematic approach to exploring writing, doesn't talk so much about leisure or companions goethe- talks about hidden places, remote, except in rome, talks about leisure activities, discusses companions - both talk about feelings and emotions, how they feel in a place
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stendhal- fictionalization
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- his writing is much fact based because it centers around places and their possessions - his emotions are exaggerated
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stendhals reaction to art
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- in his published work, he discusses out of body experiences when seeing art, heart palpitations, really overtaken, stendhal syndrome - in his journal his emotions are less exaggerated and may result in a few tears - when sharing his experience of art he stresses his feelings and his emotions when seeing the places, "tide of emotion which overwhelmed me flowed so deep" "all these things spoke volumes to my soul"
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Stendhal in santa croce
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- went their first to see the tombs of michelangelo, macchiavelli, galileo, dante, boccaccio and petrarch
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Stendhal medieval v classical
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prefers medieval - gothic: clean finish, artistry, massive structures - does not like classical, feels that the later periods lack the energy to build massive structures, lazy just did the facades, not impressed with facades
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Stendhal- Palazzo Vecchio
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- grand - reflection of medieval times - fortress - brickwork battlements - towering walls - put in a beautiful piazza - links to the history of the signoria and power, violence and passion
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stendhal elective country
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- his love of medieval art and architecture - ballet, theater, very cultural - medicis, florence is the center for the arts, and cultivation of the arts centered in florence - his love of the paintings and art drew him to italy and its historical background
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stendhal and italians
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- he likes that they are a passionate, careless, happy go lucky, relaxed people - doesn't care for the florentines because they are more progressive, they care about wealth and they are not inspired by the artwork around them, not keeping up with it, knows they are appreciative. they are not like typical italians he enjoys being around
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stendhal political ideas and florentines
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- feels that florentines are a weaker people because florence and its people was controlled by an austrian duke. the florentines were content with this control, they were flourishing and making money so they made no effort to become a republic and govern their own people - stendhal's political philosophy was one of freedom, independence, romantic view, free from order and constraint. he looked down on the florentines for not standing up for their land. he admired passionate, strong willed people, self determination,
