ITALIAN Grammar Rules – Flashcards
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https://www.duolingo.com/comment/461310 ***Jessic***
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AVERE = transitive verbs (with direct object)
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or ESSER = intransitive (no direct object) in gender and number with the subject.
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avere = transitive verbs (with direct object) no past participle agreement is needed EXCEPTION: you have the varying ending with "avere" , especially when the previous word is a form of "lo" (lo, la, li, le), you have to match the past participle to that pronoun. Since "li" means "them (masc.)", the past participle "voluto" must
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Present avere io ho tu hai lui/lei ha. noi abbiamo voi avete loro hanno
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Ci siamo conosciute domenica.
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We met (on) Sunday. ((We met each other on Sunday.))
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**mukkapazza** -iamo is just the verb ending for the first person plural. **Ci**can be a frustrating word because the rules are a little messy. Observe the following: noi beviamo il caffè, noi andiamo via, noi lo mangiamo stasera. None of these actually require ci or ce, but it can be used to strengthen or alter the meaning of the sentence: noi ci beviamo il caffè, noi ce ne andiamo via, noi ce lo mangiamo stasera. For this sentence in particular, **Ci is necessary** because there has to be a way to express who met whom. For example, "le abbiamo conosciute domenica" = we met them Sunday. You don't want that kind of confusion!
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Here, the verb is actually **conoscersi conoscere + reflexive pronoun**. There are other verbs that can be reflexive (or not): Sentirsi: mi sento stanco / I feel tired Sentire: sento qualcosa / I hear something Chiamarsi: mi chiamo Dario/my name is Dario / I am called Dario Chiamare: chiamate la polizia !/call the police! Vestirsi: perché non ti vesti? / why don't you get dressed? Vestire: la ragazza veste il suo cane / the girl dresses up her dog
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Rule of thumb: use essere when the verb is about what happens to the subject. Use avere when the verb is about what the subject does. Transitive verbs always use avere. Reflexive verbs (including reflexive passive, and indefinite) always use essere. Verbs of motion almost always use essere instead of avere. (E.g. andare.) Especially if the "motion" is just to lie there. If the verb emphases the journey and not the destination (e.g. "swerve," "drip," "oscillate") then even a verb of motion can use avere.
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For the rest, avere tends to be used for verbs where the emphasis is on the actor. E.g. dance, bark, paint, wait. And essere is used when the emphasis is on the outcome. e.g. sink, drown, become. Some verbs go both ways, with a difference of meaning. "È corso al campo" means he ran to the field. "Ha corso al campo" means he ran at the field (e.g in circles). Andare, though, always takes essere--no option. I guess it's because it really says nothing about how you got to the destination. All examples are from "A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian" (Maiden and Robusttelli, 2000, pp 261-268)
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Lui ci ha portate allo zoo. ***portate***denotes group of women. ***portati*** group of men or coed.
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He took us to the zoo.
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Why is it "portate" fem. plural?? In this case, the speaker is one of a group of women, and since there is a "ci" particle appearing before the "ha", the participle matches the gender and number of the direct object (in this case, although it doesn't actually appear, that would be ragazze or donne). See this answer for a longer and probably more accurate explanation: http://duolingo.com/#/comment/271063
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Ooh, ooh, I just learned the answer to this one, so I'm happy to share the love. That you noticed that indicates that you have a good eye. "When preceded by avere, participle does not change in gender and number except when the direct object pronoun (what substitutes la torta or le rane) moves behind the auxiliary."
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Verbs that take ESSERE there is agreement SONO andatO a roma. (here andato shows that the speaker is male) SONO andatA a roma (here andata indicates femminile)
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now with verbs that use "AVERE", you CAN'T TELL whether the speaker is a man or a woman: ho visto la grande muraglia (it can be either a male or a female, you can't be sure)
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Mi hanno presa hanno<avere BUT because of the MI we have agreement. Therefore, PRESA F/sing
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Mi hanno presa hanno<avere BUT because of the MI we have agreement. Therefore, PRESA F/sing
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Me l'ha data. http://www.cyberitalian.com/en/html/gra_prpr.html "data" agrees with the object,/He/she gave you something of feminine gender. Me - to me L' - lo/la - it Ha - he/she has Data - given Me l'ha data - "To me, it he/she has given." Which translates in English to "He/she has given it to me."
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She gave it to me. Why is it 'me' here and not 'mi'? Mi ha una cosa" -> "Me l'ha data" The topic is double object pronouns, you can find them in http://duolingo.com/#/comment/233855 FAQ #11
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After the verb essere, the adjective or participle must agree with the subject. After the verb avere, the participle must agree with the direct object if it's a third person clitic, it's optional otherwise (and it's disused when there are no clitics): in the latter case it can be flected to the masculine singula
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.sandrabruck 22 19 6 Normally with "nessuno" you have to use the double negative. Non amo nessuno. Expressions with double negative are: non ... ancora (not yet) non ... più (no longer, no more) non ... mai (never) non ... né ... né (neither... nor) non ... niente / nulla (nothing) non ... nessuno (nobody) non ... mai più (nevermore, never again) non ... per niente (not at all) non .... mica (not at all) non... nulla (nothing) non ... neanche (neither) .
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But: "nessuno", "niente","nemmeno", "mica", "nulla", "mai" etc.. are without the double negative when they are put at the beginning of a sentence. Nessuno mi ama. (but: non mi ama nessuno) Niente di divertente abbiamo visto. (but: non abbiamo visto niente die divertente) Nemmeno Enzo mi ha aiutato (but: non mi ha aiutato nemmeno Enzo) Mica sono scema. (but: non sono mica scema.
