Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugations
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(The imperfect subjunctive uses the same stem as the imperfect indicative - the stem formed by dropping the -re of the infinitive and adds the same set of endings to the verbs of all conjugations. p. 347 Conjugate: lavorare, scrivere, dormire & capire
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(The imperfect subjunctive uses the same stem as the imperfect indicative - the stem formed by dropping the -re of the infinitive and adds the same set of endings to the verbs of all conjugations. ............... Lavorare.....Scrivere....Dormire.....Capire che io....lavorassi.....scrivessi...dormissi.....capissi che tu....lavorassi.....scrivessi...dormissi... capissi che lui/lei.............lavorasse....scrivesse..dormisse...capisse che..lavorassimo..scrivessimo..dormissimo..capissimo che..lavoraste........scriveste.........dormiste ......capiste che..lavorassero...scrivessero...dormissero ..capissero X
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Essere, dare & stare are irregular in the imperfect subjunctive. p.347 Conjugate: essere, dare & stare
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ESSERE .......... DARE .............. STARE fossi. ................ dessi ................ stessi fossi. ................ dessi. ................stessi fosse ............... desse .............. stesse fossimo .......... dessimo ......... stessimo foste ............... deste ............... steste fossero .......... dessero .......... stessero X
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Conjugate bere, dire & fare p. 347
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BERE ............... DIRE ................ FARE bevessi ........... dicessi ............ facessi bevessi ........... dicessi ............ facessi bevesse ......... dicesse ........... facesse bevessimo .... dicessimo .... facessimo beveste .......... diceste ........... faceste bevessero ... dicessero ... facessero X
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The conditions that call for the use of the present subjunctive also apply to the use of the imperfect subjunctive. The imperfect subjunctive is used when the verb in the independent clause is any WHAT or WHAT & the action of the dependant clause occurs WHAT or WHAT the action of the independent clause? p. 347 I think she is right. I thought she was right. It is unlikely that they'll make a decision. It wasn't likely that they would make a decision. Racism is the worst problem there is. Racism was the worst problem there was. Do you prefer that your parents support the new law? Would you prefer that your parents supported the new law?
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The conditions that call for the use of the present subjunctive also apply to the use of the imperfect subjunctive. The imperfect subjunctive is used when the verb in the independent clause is ANY PAST TENSE or THE CONDITIONAL & the action of the dependant clause occurs SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH or AFTER the action of the independent clause. Credo che abbia ragione. Credevo che avesse ragione. Non è probabile che prendano una decisione. Non era probabile che prendessero una decisione. Il razzismo è il peggior problema che ci sia. Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse. Preferisci che i tuoi genitori siano a favore della nuova legge? Preferiresti che i tuoi genitori fossero a favore della nuova legge?
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Like the indicative, the subjunctive also has a pluperfect form. p. 349 How is the pluperfect subjunctive formed?
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The pluperfect subjunctive is formed with the imperfect subjunctive of avere or essere + past participle of the verb.
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Conjugate "lavorare" & "partire" in the pluperfect form. p. 349
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.................... AVERE ......................... che io avessi __________ che tu avessi __________ che lui / lei avesse __ lavorato che avessimo _________ che aveste _____________ che avessero __________ .................... ESSERE ......................... che io fossi __________ partito / a che tu fossi __________ che lui / lei fosse ___ che fossimo _________ partiti / e che foste _____________ che fossero
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The pluperfect subjunctive is used in place of the WHAT whenever the subjunctive is required? p. 350 They had understood. I was hoping they had understood.
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The pluperfect subjunctive is used in place of the the TRAPASSATO INDICATIVO (the past perfect ... "I had worked.", "They had left.") whenever the subjunctive is required? p. 350 Avevano capito. Speravo che avessero capito.
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The pluperfect subjunctive is used in a dependent clause when the verb in the independent clause is in the WHAT or WHAT and the action of the dependant clause occurred WHAT the action of the independent clause? p. 350 I'm afraid they didn't resolve that problem. I was afraid they hadn't resolved that problem. It's impossible that they committed that crime. It was impossible that they had committed that crime. It is the most beautiful landscape I have ever seen. It was the most beautiful landscape I had ever seen.
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The pluperfect subjunctive is used in a dependent clause when the verb in the independent clause is in the PAST TENSE or CONDITIONAL and the action of the dependant clause occurred BEFORE the action of the independent clause? p. 350 Ho paura che non abbiano risolto quel problema. Avevo paura che non avessero risolto quel problema. È impossibile che abbiano commesso quel delitto. Era impossibile che avessero commesso quel delitto. È il più bel passaggio che abbia mai visto. Era il più bel passeggio che io avessi mai visto.
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The tense of the subjunctive is determined by WHAT in the independent clause and by the WHAT between the two clauses? p. 352
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The tense of the subjunctive is determined by TENSE in the independent clause and by the TIME RELATIONSHIP between the two clauses. p. 352
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When the independent clause is in the present tense, future tense or command forms: p. 352 The dependant clause may be in the PRESENT tense if: WHAT or WHAT. or Dependent clause may be in the PAST tense if: WHAT? I hope he doesn't interfere. They won't want him to interfere. I hope he didn't interfere. Be glad he didn't interfere!
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(When the independent clause is in the present tense, future tense or command forms:)p. 352 (The dependant clause may be in the PRESENT tense if: ITs ACTION occurs at the SAME TIME, or The ACTION occurs in the FUTURE or The dependent clause may be in the PAST tense if: ITs ACTION occurs in the PAST) Spero che lui non interferisca. Non vorranno che lui interferisca. Spero per lui non abbia interferito. Sii contento che lui non abbia interferito! .
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When the independent clause is in: - any past tense, or - the present tense, or - the past conditional tense The dependent clause may be in the imperfect subjunctive (imperfetto del congiuntivo) if: WHAT, and in the trapassato del congiuntivo if: WHAT? p. 353 I thought they weren't suffering anymore. I had hoped they wouldn't suffer anymore. I wish they wouldn't suffer anymore. I thought they hadn't suffered anymore. I wish they hadn't suffered anymore. NOTE: if the subject of both clauses is the same, the infinitive is used. I thought I was staying home too much. I thought I had stayed home too much.
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When the independent clause is in: - any past tense, or - the present tense, or - the past conditional tense The dependent clause may be in the imperfect subjunctive (imperfetto del congiuntivo) if: ITs ACTION OCCURRED AT THE SAME TIME OR LATER THAN THAT OF THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE, and in the trapassato del congiuntivo if: ITs ACTION PRECEDED THAT OF THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. p. 353 Credevo che non soffrissero più. Avevo sperato che non soffrissero più. Vorrei che non soffrissero più. Credevo che non avessero più sofferto. Vorrei che non avessero più sofferto. NOTE: if the subject of both causes is the same, the infinitive is used. Credevo di rimanere troppo a casa. Credevo di essere rimasto / rimasta troppo a casa.
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COME SE e MAGARI p. 353 Come se (as if) is a common expression and is always followed by the WHAT or WHAT? Maria acts as if she were 25, but she's only 18. They were talking as if nothing had happened. Magari (if only) is also followed by WHAT or WHAT? If only we could eliminate poverty! If only they had found a solution in the laboratory! .
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COME SE e MAGARI Come se (as if) is a common expression and is always followed by the IMPERFETTO DEL CONGIUNTIVO or TRAPASSATO DEL CONGIUNTIVO . Maria si comporta come se avesse 25 anni, ma ne ha solo 18. Parlavano come se non fosse successo niente. Magari (if only) is also followed by the IMPERFETTO DEL CONGIUNTIVO or TRAPASSATO DEL CONGIUNTIVO. Magari si potesse eliminare la povertà! Magari avessero trovato una soluzione nel laboratorio!