Italian Grammar Answers – Flashcards

-used to describe actions or events that took place in the past -present tense of avere or essere plus the past participle

- agree in number and gender with the subject -andare, arrivare, nascere, scendere, uscire, venire, partire, morire, salire, entrate, cadere, stare, restare, diventare, essere, (ri)tornare, vivere, rimanere

leggere-letto; scrivere-scritto; fare-fatto; dire-detto; rimanere-rimasto; rispondere-risposto; chiedere-chiesto; vedere-visto; stare-stato; nascere-nato; dare-dato; scegliere-scelto; vivere-vissuto; bere-bevuto; venire-venuto; ammettere-ammesso; mettere-messo; promettere-promesso; chiudere-chiuso; prendere-preso; scendere-sceso; decidere-deciso; uccidere-ucciso; ridere-riso; morire-morto; aprire-aperto; offrire-offerto; rompere-rotto; tradurre-tradotto; vincere-vinto; perdere-perso

-expresses some, a few 1. di + definite article; singular (uncountables)--> dell, dello, dell', della; plural (countables)--> delli, degli, delle 2. plural (countables)--> alcuni/alcune 3. singular (countables)--> qualche 4. both--> un po'di

-replaces nouns introduced by a number or an expression of quantity -replaces nouns and noun phrases introduced by the preposition di - used in expressions pertaining to the date or someone's age -(non) + ne + conjugated verb + quantity specified

- a direct object is a word or phrase that receives the action of the verb and answers the question what? or whom? -D.O pronoun replaces the D.O. - singular- mi (me); ti (you); La (you formal); lo (him, it masc); la (her, it fem) plural- ci (us); vi (you); li (them masc); le (them fem) -(non) + DO pronoun + conjugated verb - if there is an infinitive the infinitive looses the e at the end and the pronoun attaches to the end of it - lo and la elide with verbs that start with a vowel and conjugations of avere that start with an h (li and le never do) - cercare (to look for); ascoltare (to listen to); guardare (to look at); aspettare (to wait for) take the DO pronoun

-means there -replaces a noun or phrases referring to a place - before conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive - also used with certain verbs followed by a or in

-when a third person DO pronoun (lo,la,li,le) precedes the verb in the PP, the past participle agrees in number and gender with the pronoun -agreement with mi,ti, ci and vi is optional -when ne function like the DO pronoun in the PP it also agrees in number and gender with the noun that it's replacing

-indirect object indicates a person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb and answers the question to whom? or for whom? - singular- mi (to/for me); ti (to/for you); Le (to/for you formal); gli (to/for him); le (to/for her) -plural- ci (to/for us); vi (to/for you); gli.loro (to/for them) - before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive -the PP does NOT agree with the indirect object pronoun in the passato prossimo

-when the same verb has both a direct and indirect object, this is used to replace both of the objects - mi+lo=me lo; mi+la=me la; mi=li=me li; mi+le=me le; mi+ne=me ne -ti+lo=te lo; ti+la=te la; ti+li=te li; ti+le=te le; ti+ne=te ne -ci+lo=ce lo; ci+la=ce la; ci+li=ce li; ci+le=ce le; ci+ne=ce ne -vi+lo=ve lo; vi+la=ve la; vi+li=ve li; vi+le=ve le; vi+ne=ve ne -gli/le/Le+lo=glielo; gli+la=gliela; gli+li=glieli; gli+le=gliele; gli+ne=gliene -before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive -in the PP the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct-object pronoun - when the adverb ci (there) is used the conjugations are: mi ci, ti ci and vi ci

-an adverb modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb -formed with the ending -mente to the feminine form of an adjective -follows the conjugated verb -invariable, don't agree - the adverbs bene and male correspond to the adjectives buono and cattivo

-as adverbs- they are invariable -as adjectives- they agree in gender and number with the subject

-unspecified subject; corresponds in english to one, you, we, they or people -si + third person of the verb -si normally precedes the third-person singular of the verb but if the verb is followed by a plural noun, si precedes the third-person plural of the verb and is considered a passive construction -in compound tenses, the si impersonale is conjugated with essere and the PP agrees in gender and number with the object - an adjective that follows the verb essere in the si impersonale is in the masculine plural form -object pronouns precede si -the only exception is ne which follows si

-is the past tense used to indicate habitual or ongoing action in the past (used to or was, ___ing) -formed by dropping -re of the infinitive and adding the endings: -vo, -vi, -va, -vamo, -vate, -vano -irredular- fare (face-), dire (dice-), bere (beve-) -essere- ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erano - used to describe: 1. habitual actions in the past 2. ongoing actions occurring simultaneously 3. an action that was interrupted by something 4. age, weather and time in the past 5. physical characteristics, mental states, psychological attributes

-describes future actions -formed by dropping the final e of the infinitive (-are verbs have the a change to e) and adding the endings: o', ai, a', emo, ete, anno -verbs ending in -giare or -ciare drop the i -verbs ending in -gare or -care add an h after the g and c

andare (andr-); avere (avr-); dovere (dovr-); potere (potr-); sapere (sapr-); vedere (vedr-) bere (berr-); rimanere (rimarr-); tenere (terr-); venire (verr-); volere (vorr-) dare (dar-); dire (dir-); fare (far-); stare (star-) essere- saro', sarai, sara', saremo, sarete, saranno

-stressed pronouns are used after a preposition or a verb and can replace both IO and DO for purposes of emphasis or clarity - me (me); te (you); lui (him); lei (her); se' (himself/herself/itself); noi (us); voi (you); loro (them); se' (themselves)