ISDS 551 Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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Estimating activity durations
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In project time management, which of the following processes involve calculating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities?
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Developing the schedule
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In project time management, which of the following processes involve analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule?
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controlling the schedule
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In project time management, the process of_____ primarily involves checking and managing changes to the project schedule.
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project management plan update
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In project time management, a(n) _____ is an output of controlling the schedule
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Project charter
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Which of the following documents is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule?
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An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list.
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Which of the following is a difference between an activity list and an activity attribute?
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milestone
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A(n) _____ on a project is a significant event that normally has no duration.
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defining activities
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In project time management, the main goal of _____ is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work.
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determining their dependencies.
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In project time management, the next step after defining project activities is:
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Mandatory
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Which of the following types of dependencies are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project?
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Discretionary
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_____ dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options.
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External
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Which of the following dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities?
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bursts
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In an AOA network diagram, _____ occur when two or more activities follow a single node.
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PDM
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A network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities is known as a(n) _____.
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finish-to-start
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AOA network diagrams use only _____ dependencies.
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Start-to-start
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Which of the following is a relationship in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started?
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It is a dependency in which the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished.
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Which of the following is true of a finsih-to-finish dependency?
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They show logical relationships between activities.
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Which of the following is true of dummy activities?
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Project documents update
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Which of the following is one of the main outputs of estimating activity resources process?
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estimate the duration of activities.
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After working with key stakeholders to define activities and calculate their resources, the next process in project time management is to:
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developing a schedule
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In project time management, the ultimate goal of _____ is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project.
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Gantt charts
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_____ provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format.
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Critical path analysis
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Which of the following is a network diagramming technique used primarily to predict total project duration?
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longest; shortest
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The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _____ amount of slack or float.
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free slack
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The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities is known as a _____.
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Total slack
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_____ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date.
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late start date
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The _____ for an activity is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date.
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crashing
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The technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost is known as _____.
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Fast tracking
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Which of the following techniques involve doing activities in parallel that one would normally do in sequence?
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both can shorten the time needed to finish a project.
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A similarity between the crashing technique and the fast tracking technique is that:
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feeding buffers
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Critical chain scheduling protects tasks on the critical chain from being delayed by using _____, which consist of additional time added before tasks on the critical chain that are preceded by non-critical-path tasks.
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Parkinson's Law
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_____ states that work expands to fill the time allowed.
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PERT uses different duration estimates whereas CPM uses one specific duration estimate.
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A difference between the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM) is that:
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Both are portions of the integrated change control process under project integration management.
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Which of the following is a similarity between scope control and schedule control?
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Lessons-learned reports
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Which of the following is an output of schedule control?
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project charter
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A draft schedule for a project is most likely to be found in a _____.
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True
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Many information technology projects are failures in terms of meeting scope, time, and cost projections. T/F
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False
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Managers often cite cost issues during the end phase of a project as one of their biggest challenges and the main cause of conflict. T/F
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True
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Schedule performance can be estimated by subtracting the original timeestimate from how long it really took to complete the project. T/F
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True
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Individual work styles and cultural differences may cause schedule conflicts. T/F
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True
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Different cultures may have different perceptions of work ethic. T/F
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False
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The outputs to schedule development include activity duration estimates and project document updates. T/F
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False
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The main outputs of estimating activity resources include the activity list and attributes, project scope statement, milestone list, and organizational process assets. T/F
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False
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Most managers are unfamiliar with any forms of scheduling. T/F
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True
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Project schedules grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project. T/F
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False
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It only takes one activity to complete a milestone. T/F
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False
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Activity information is not a required input to the other time management processes. T/F
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True
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After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is sequencing them or determining their dependencies. T/F
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True
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Even though the delivery of new hardware may not be in the scope of a project, you should add an external dependency to it if required project activities depend on that delivery. T/F
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False
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Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activitydiscretionary dependencies. T/F
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True
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The arrows in a network diagram represent the activity sequencing or relationships between tasks. T/F
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False
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It is not necessary to complete all of the activities on the network diagram in order for the project to finish. T/F
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False
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Every item on the WBS needs to be on the network diagram. T/F
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False
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Start-to-finish relationships are the most common type of relationships. T/F
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True
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It is important that the people who help determine what resources arenecessary include people who have experience and expertise in similar projects and with the organization performing the project. T/F
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False
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Duration only includes the actual amount of time worked on an activity. T/F
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True
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In a Gantt chart created in Microsoft Project, a black diamond symbol represents a milestone. T/F
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True
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A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates. T/F
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False
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Most projects have one path through a network diagram. T/F
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False
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The critical path always includes the most critical activities. T/F
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True
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A fast and easy way to determine early and late start and finish dates and free and total slack amounts for activities is by using project management software. T/F
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True
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Fast tracking can end up lengthening the project schedule. T/F
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False
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By using the PERT weighted average for each activity duration estimate,the total project duration estimate does not account for the risk or uncertainty in the individual activity estimates. T/F
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True
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One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it involves more work than CPM. T/F
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True
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Many projects, especially in information technology, have very unrealistic schedule expectations. T/F
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False
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Project management software does not have the capacity to automatically generate network diagrams and calculate the critical path(s) for the project. T/F
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six
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There are __ main processes involved in project time management.
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defining activities
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The main outputs of the ____ process are an activity list, activity attributes, and milestone list
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sequencing activites
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___ involves identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities
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estimating activity durations
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____ involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed tocomplete individual activities
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developing the schedule
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____ involves analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, andactivity duration estimates to create the project schedule.
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activity attributes
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The ____ provide(s) schedule-related information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity.
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defining activities
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he goal of ____ is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work.
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defining activities
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____ results in supporting detail to document important product information as well as assumptions and constraints related to specific activities
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sequencing activities
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____ involves evaluating the reasons for dependencies and the different types of dependencies.
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mandatory
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____ dependencies are inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project.
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discretionary
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____ dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care since they may limit later scheduling options.
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external
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____ dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities
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bursts
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___ occur when two or more activities follow a single node.
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right
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On a network diagram, all arrowheads should face toward the ___
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PDM
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he ____ is a network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities
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finish to start
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In a ____ relationship, the "from" activity must finish before the "to" activity can start
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start to start
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In a ____ relationship, the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started.
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finish to finish
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In a ____ relationship, one task cannot finish before another finishes.
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resource breakdown structure
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A ____ is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type.
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duration estimates
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The activity list, activity attributes, activity resource requirements, resource calendars, project scope statement, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets all include information that affect ____
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developing the schedule
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The ultimate goal of ____ is to create a realistic project schedule that provides a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project.
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Gantt charts
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____ provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format
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critical path analysis
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___ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.
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longest; shortest
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The critical path is the ____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the ____ time it takes to complete a project
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free slack
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____ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities.
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total slack
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___ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date.
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late start date
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he ____ for an activity is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date
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crashing
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____ is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost.
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fast tracking
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__ involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in sequence.
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critical chain scheduling
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_ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date.
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feeding buffers
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Critical chain scheduling protects tasks on the critical chain from being delayed by using ____, which consist of additional time added before tasks on the critical chain that are preceded by non-critical-path tasks
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parkinson's law
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___ states that work expands to fill the time allowed
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PERT
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___ use(s) probabilistic time estimates duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates of activity durations instead of one specific or discrete duration estimate.
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schedule control
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The goal of ____ is to know the status of the schedule, influence the factors that cause schedule changes, determine that the schedule has changed, and manage changes when they occur
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tracking gantt chart
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project managers often illustrate progress with a ____ showing key deliverables and activities
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project schedules
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Project managers must use discipline to control __
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red
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Project management software highlights the critical path in ____ on a network diagram
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time
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______________ is the one variable in project scheduling that has the least amount of flexibility
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project time management
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_________________ involves the processes required to ensure timely completion of a project.
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estimating activity resources
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_________________ involves estimating how many people, equipment, and materials a project team should use to perform project activities
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estimating activity durations
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Outputs of ______________________________ include activity duration estimates and project document updates
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activity list
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The ____________________ is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule
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network diagram
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A(n) ____________________ is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities
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node
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In a network diagram, a(n) ____________________ is simply the starting and ending point of an activity
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dummy activities
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________________ have no duration and no resources but are occasionally needed on AOA network diagrams to show logical relationships between activities
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effort
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____________ is the number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task.
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three point estimate
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Duration estimates are often provided as a discrete number, such as four weeks, or as a range, such as three to five weeks, or as a(n) __________________
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slipped milestone
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A white diamond on the Tracking Gantt chart represents a(n) ___________________
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critical path
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A(n) ____________________ for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed
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forward pass
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A(n) ____________________ determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity
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