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Absolute Poverty

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Insufficient income to meet basic human needs For example, the "Poverty Line"

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Relative Poverty

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A level of income that does not allow for consumption that meets community standards or goes below a particular percentage threshold of the total population For example, 25% or less of median income.

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Engle Co-efficient 1964

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Average poor families spend 1/3 of income on food.

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Orshansky Index

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"Economy" food plan X 3 A household of 3 typically spent 1/3 of their income on food at the time Orshansky develops differing thresholds for household sizes in 1965

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Poverty Line in 2011 for family of four with two children.

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$22,811

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The nation's official poverty rate in 2011

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was 15.0%

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How many people in poverty in 2011

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46.2 million people in poverty

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Controversies of Poverty line

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Doesn't account for regional variation in prices

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Controversies of Poverty line

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Consumption research from 1963 doesn't match with today

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Controversies of Poverty line

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Doesn't account for many benefits (housing subsidies, food stamps, etc.)

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Controversies of Poverty line

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DHHS measures it differently from the Census Bureau

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Absolute poverty International

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Initially, called "dollar per day" line (set in 1990 at USD $370 per person per year) There are now country specific variations in the poverty threshold that accounts for the cost of goods ("Purchase Price Parity" - PPP) It is now roughly USD $1.25 per person per day (also report out $2.00 per day) in 2005 dollars.

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Relative Income benefit determination

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"The statutory basis for HUD's income limit policies is Section 3 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937, as amended provides the key excerpts relevant to income limits, which may be summarized as follows: Low-income families are defined as families whose incomes do not exceed 80 percent of the median family income for the area. Very low-income families are defined as families whose incomes do not exceed 50 percent of the median family income for the area......"

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USDA's Ranges of Food Security

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Food Security High food security (old label=Food security): no reported indications of food-access problems or limitations. Marginal food security (old label=Food security): one or two reported indications--typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake. Food Insecurity Low food security (old label=Food insecurity without hunger): reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food intake. Very low food security (old label=Food insecurity with hunger): Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake.

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Food Security - US

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14.9% were food insecure 5.7% had very low food security 6.8 million households 10% of households with children were food insecure 1% of households with children were of very low food security

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Social Exclusion

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individuals and entire communities of people are systematically blocked from rights, opportunities and resources (e.g. housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation and due process) that are normally available to members of society and which are key to social integration. Capability Depravation.

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NLSY

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National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

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SIPP

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Survey of Income and Program Participation

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PSID

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The Panel Study of Income Dynamics

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Gini coefficient

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A Gini coefficient is a summary numerical measure of how unequally one variable is related to another. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where perfect equality has a Gini coefficint of zero, and absolute inequality yields a Gini coefficint of 1.

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Lorenz Curve

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A Lorenz curve shows the degree of inequality that exists in the distributions of two variables, and is often used to illustrate the extent that income or wealth are distributed unequally in a particular society.

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Income

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Work related

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Material lack/want

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Basic needs

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Multidimensional poverty

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is made up of several factors that constitute poor people's experience of deprivation - such as poor health, lack of education, inadequate living standard, lack of income (as one of several factors considered), disempowerment, poor quality of work and threat from violence.

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Transitional poverty

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living paycheck-to-paycheck, but when times get tough and they are faced with job loss, medical bills, divorce, grief, or mental illness, they have a support network to which they can turn.Brief periods of poverty Going back to school Losing a job and finally getting another one

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marginal poverty

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Lacking stable employment. "Working poor" Long-term patterns of cycling in and out of poverty

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residual poor

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chronic, multigenerational

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Age of Poor

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27.4% African-Americans; 26.6% Hispanics; 9.9% Whites 12.4% of White children Older Adults Poverty fell from 35% - 15% from 1959 - 1974 8.7% were poor in 2011

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The Feminization of Poverty

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Single mother households see a dramatic increase in recent years - child care burden on mothers

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The Poor in Idaho

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16.5% in 2011 (18.1% for those with children); 15.8% in 2010; 14.4% in 2009 23.9% of children in poverty in 2010; 20.4% in 2011 24.3% in Ada County in 2010 20.9% of children are on food stamps (2010) 18.8% in Ada County

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Structural explanation

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The source of poverty is in the social structure of society. Systematic

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Individual explanation

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genetic or cultural factors that make people less competitive in the Job market. deficits model

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Culture of Poverty

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The poor are not effectively integrated into the major institutions of the larger society The communities in which poor people live (Isolated culturally from working families) The culture of poverty related to the family ("Intergenerational transmission") The individual (Bad decisions from poor upbringing lead to further poverty)

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Cultural Deprivation

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Poor not exposed to proper educational and mainstream cultural opportunities (and institutions)

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William Julius Wilson

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The poor are geographically and thus socially isolated Because of housing discrimination; mixed-income Black communities resulted in strong social organization Housing discrimination decreases and wealthier families leave the inner city Poverty concentrates for those left behind who cannot afford to move A Social Buffer develops as folks left behind have limited interaction with the working/middle class Work left behind is peripheral and undesirable (pay and culturally) Lack of community norms and desirable employment lead to criminal behavior, idleness, or both

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Psychological explanations

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Mentally ill make bad decisions,Many poor have troubling psychological pasts.

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14th Century Statute of Laborers - 1349

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Set a maximum wage Compelled unattached workers to work for whoever wanted them No begging for able-bodied men Reforms to this later lead to social security legislation Work tied to social welfare

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Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601

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Movement to a wage system and urbanization Compiled 250 years of antipoverty legislation State had a role to relieve want and the needy had a right to seek assistance Vagrants Involuntary unemployed Helpless Home parish was to assist the individual Parish allowed to tax to pay for assistance Colonial Years and the Era of the American Revolution Early colonialists adopt poor laws from England Private charity begins to emerge Birthrate

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Protestant Work Ethic

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Work is innately good; hard work is quality attribute Idleness, sloth, etc. is sinful

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Indoor Relief

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Preferred - Provide assistance by custodial care Poorhouses

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Outdoor Relief (Home Relief)

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Assistance rendered to people while they remain "outside," that is, not in custodial care. Encouraged interdependence

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Early definitions for the reasons of poverty

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Early Years of the Republic, 1781-1860 Ideas about the Causes of Poverty Moral defect Worthy vs. Unworthy Poor

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Workingman's Insurance

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Movement towards pensions Shared risk and self-interest Expanded to mothers, the blind, and the old (referred to as pensions)

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Societies for the Prevention of Pauperism Associations for Improving the Conditions of the Poor (AICP)

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Both opposed to individual aid Aid encouraged idleness Provide moral guidance Pauper is one who was corrupted by aid to the point that they were no longer able to be self-sufficient

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The New Deal Programs

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Social Security Act, Federal emergency relief act, OASDI, ADC 1935) Insurance and assistance ADC established (later AFDC, now TANF)

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Harry Hopkins

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Social worker and a key architect of the New Deal

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Federal Emergency Relief Act

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FERA (1933) - Hopkins was the administrator

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The War on Poverty What are the major initiatives?

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Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 & the War on Poverty Office of Economic Opportunity VISTA volunteers Job Corps Upward Bound Head Start Community Action Program (CAP) Medicare and Medicaid amendments, and the Food Stamp Act

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Nixon

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SSA of 1967 requires recipients with no children under 6 to undergo work training or work assignments: (WIP) - Work Incentive Program Supplemental Security Income (SSI) passed in 1972

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The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

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the largest anti-poverty program in the country First enacted in 1975 and amended since Provides tax credits for low income earners - focuses on the marginal poor

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Reagan Years

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WIN replaced by the JOBS program (Job Opportunity and Basic Skills program) in the 1988 Family Support Act

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Who receives EITC it and approximately how many people?

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The Marginal Poor. In 2009, 27 million familes received the EITC

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The Recovery Act of 2009

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Expanded the EITC Expanded payments for larger families Reduced marriage penalties

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Temporary aid to needy families (TANF)

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Block grant to states Work requirement or assistance is terminated 50% of caseloads must be working States allowed to sanction 24 months of continuous assistance and lifetime maximum of 5 years Immigrants cannot collect TANF Illegal immigrants not allowed to collect from any means-tested programs

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PRWORA

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Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act.1996

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Social Darwinism

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Individualistic interpretations of poverty through its stress on individual survival in a competitive world.

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Child welfare services

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are those services required when parents or children are either incapable of implementing or unwilling to implement (or both) their respective role requirements, or when a serious discrepancy arises between the role expectations of the community and the individual's performance

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7 role problems

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Parental Role Unoccupied Parental Incapacity Role Rejection Intra-role Conflict Inter-role Conflict Child Incapacity and/or Disability Deficiency in Community Resources

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maltreatment

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There must be some definable parental behavior directed toward the child. This may be an act of commission (abuse) or omission (neglect), and it can be either physical or mental There must be some demonstrable harm to the child. This may be a physical injury or condition, or it may be evidence of psychological damage, or both A causal link needs to be established between parental behavior and the harm to the child. The social worker needs to feel that the maltreatment is sufficiently serious to warrant intervention

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Child Welfare - The Victims

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1.25 million abuse/neglected children 1 in 58 children in the US 44% abused; 61% neglected Of abused; 58% physical, 24% sexual, 27% emotional Of neglected: 47% educational, 38% physical, 25% emotional 19% decline in maltreatment from 1993 NIS-3 Girls more likely to be sexually abused - drives overall abuse rate up for girls Black children more likely to be maltreated relative to White and Hispanic children Low SES associated with 5 X increase in abuse and 7X increase in neglect

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What major factors drive maltreatment risk

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Individual Parent Factors Personality traits and social attributes Psychological disorders Family Factors Household composition Age of the parents Single-parents Child Factors Age Disabilities Child behavioral problems

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Charles Loring Brace

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The founder of the orphan trains that sent orphaned children from industrialized urban centers to the mid-west to be raised by farm families.

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Mary Ellen Wilson, Henry Bergh

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"Societies for the prevention of the cruelty of children" - NY state (1875) 1877 American Humane Society

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Development of Protective Services

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1912 - Establishment of the US Children's Bureau 1918 - Infancy and Maternity Bill Infant and maternal health centers

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Title V of the Social Security Act of 1935

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Federal government funds and assists states in providing child welfare servicess

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Amendments to SSA Title V since 1960

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1962 - SSA amended to require all states to have a child welfare plan in place By 1967, all professionals (medical professionals) required to report child abuse (mandated reporter). 1974 - (CAPTA: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act) Federal law that set up guidelines for model legislation regarding mandated reporting Sets up NCCAN - National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect Eventually expands definitions of "child abuse"

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