Question 1

The process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become functioning members of a given society is known as:

Accepted Answer

B. socialization

Question 2

Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins when a child:

Accepted Answer

B. is born

Question 3

The story of the abused child named Anna teaches lessons about the importance of which of the following influences on human development?

Accepted Answer

C. human interaction

Question 4

Ultimately, we hold people responsible for their behavior precisely because they can exercise choice over what they do. This speaks to the limits of socialization that sociologists refer to as:

Accepted Answer

A. agency

Question 5

If we place nature and nurture at opposite ends on a continuum, most sociologists would fall toward the nurture end of the continuum. Which statement best explains this tendency?

Accepted Answer

A. Sociologists focus on, and as a result give primary weight to, the social environment in explaining how people think, feel, and behave.

Question 6

Children like Anna, who have experienced long periods of isolation, illustrate how:

Accepted Answer

C. \"human nature\" is the result of a complex relationship between nature (biology) and nurture (the social environment).

Question 7

Who developed the theory that uses game playing to understand the development of self?

Accepted Answer

B. George Herbert Mead

Question 8

Theories of socialization focus, in part, on how the self develops. According to your textbook, the self is the:

Accepted Answer

A. individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

Question 9

Which theorist argued that other people essentially provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves?

Accepted Answer

D. Charles Horton Cooley

Question 10

Charles Horton Cooley\'s theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is known as:

Accepted Answer

D. Looking glass self theory

Question 11

According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept by:

Accepted Answer

D. interpreting how others think about us

Question 12

According to Charles Cooley\'s looking glass theory, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

C. Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us.

Question 13

Concepts such as I, me, and generalized other are part of which theorist\'s work?

Accepted Answer

A. George Herbert Mead

Question 14

According to George Herbert Mead\'s stages of development, children first learn to recognize an other through:

Accepted Answer

B. imitation

Question 15

Which of the following is considered an advanced stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead?

Accepted Answer

A. the game stage

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between the I and the me in George Herbert Mead\'s theory?

Accepted Answer

A. The I is selfish and impulsive; the me is how we believe others see us.

Question 17

The final step in George Herbert Mead\'s theory of socialization is the development of an internalized sense of the total expectations of others. This is known as the ____________ other.

Accepted Answer

C. generalized

Question 18

Which of the following provides a good example of the generalized other?

Accepted Answer

C. A child is taught to say \"bless you\" every time someone sneezes in her home. When she is at the grocery store one day, the child says \"bless you\" to a complete stranger who sneezes in the checkout line.

Question 19

George Herbert Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because she:

Accepted Answer

A. has not internalized the generalized other

Question 20

Using George Herbert Mead\'s concept of the generalized other, which of the following explanations would you use to explain why a man \"streaked\" (ran around nude) at Harvard\'s graduation ceremony?

Accepted Answer

B. He has a keen awareness of the generalized other and simply enjoys soliciting people\'s reactions.

Question 21

People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors are:

Accepted Answer

C. agents of socialization

Question 22

Although there are many agents of socialization, four of the primary ones are:

Accepted Answer

D. family, schools, peers, and media

Question 23

According to research by Kohn and Schooler (1983) and Annette Lareau (2003), parents of different social classes socialize their children differently. Which of the following statements best describes these differences?

Accepted Answer

A. Middle-class parents are more likely to stress independence and self-direction; working-class parents are more likely to instill respect for authority.

Question 24

In their book Preparing for Power, Cookson and Persell (1985) explore the role that private prep schools play in transmitting power and privilege to the students who attend them. As discussed in your textbook, which is the most important aspect of prep-school education?

Accepted Answer

C. Private prep schools link students to important social networks that will benefit them for life.

Question 25

Expected conformity, especially among teenage friends, is known as:

Accepted Answer

A. peer pressure

Question 26

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?

Accepted Answer

D. A student decides to go to a party after her friends make her feel guilty for studying too much.

Question 27

The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Being that this show was successful, we can argue that:

Accepted Answer

A. the media serves as a powerful socializing agent

Question 28

Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods (2003), makes a compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middle-class families. Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?

Accepted Answer

D. Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children\'s life chances.

Question 29

According to Annette Lareau (2003), working-class and poor parents focus on the \"accomplishment of natural growth,\" while middle-class parents are more likely to engage in \"concerted cultivation.\" In the \"accomplishment of natural growth,\" children experience:

Accepted Answer

C. long stretches of leisure time, child-initiated play, and clear boundaries between the social life of children and adults.

Question 30

A drastic type of adult socialization that may occur when adults change environments is known as:

Accepted Answer

A. resocialization

Question 31

Because military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people\'s day-to-day lives, they are known as:

Accepted Answer

C. total institutions

Question 32

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?

Accepted Answer

D. a convent

Question 33

A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as student or professor, is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A. status

Question 34

The sociological significance of roles is that they:

Accepted Answer

B. lay out what is expected of people

Question 35

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:

Accepted Answer

A. roles

Question 36

Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction?

Accepted Answer

C. Robert Merton

Question 37

Venus Williams is one of the top women\'s tennis players in the world. This status overrides all of her other statuses and is known as her:

Accepted Answer

D. master status

Question 38

A single mother who is experiencing incompatibility within her role, such as dealing with sleep deprivation and spending quality time with her children, may be experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

D. role strain

Question 39

Janet has a paper due in her English class, a test in her psychology class, and field notes due in her anthropology class this week. On top of it all, she needs to meet with her advisor to plan out classes for next semester. Janet is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

C. role strain

Question 40

Sandra\'s boss asked her to work this weekend, but Sandra feels obligated to attend a family reunion and has to study for an exam. She is having trouble deciding which activity to let go. Sandra is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

A. role conflict

Question 41

All of the statuses that an individual occupies at any given time constitute his or her:

Accepted Answer

C. status set

Question 42

Most people occupy many statuses at a particular point in time (e.g., student, son or daughter, employee, citizen). This list of statuses is known as the:

Accepted Answer

C. status set

Question 43

Which of the following is the best example of an achieved status?

Accepted Answer

C. a newly ordained minister in a Pentecostal church

Question 44

Involuntary statuses that we are born into are called:

Accepted Answer

A. ascribed statues

Question 45

An ascribed status is one:

Accepted Answer

B. a person has little or no control over

Question 46

Which of the following represents an ascribed status?

Accepted Answer

A. an American of Japanese descent

Question 47

The expectations that Barbie dolls are for girls and G.I. Joe dolls are for boys are examples of:

Accepted Answer

B. Gender ROles

Question 48

Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that:

Accepted Answer

B. sex is a master status in our society

Question 49

Today\'s assumption that childhood represents a distinct phase in the life course stands in sharp contrast to the notion of children as little adults that was popular in preindustrial times. This example highlights how:

Accepted Answer

C. our notions of childhood are socially constructed

Question 50

Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements highlights how race is socially constructed?

Accepted Answer

D. racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time

Question 51

Which of the following theories argues that people\'s feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?

Accepted Answer

A. symbolic interactionism

Question 52

The three basic tenets of symbolic interactionism are:

Accepted Answer

A. (1) Human beings act toward ideas, concepts, and values on the basis of the meaning that those things have for them, (2) these meanings are the products of social interaction in human society, and (3) these meanings are modified and filtered through an interpretive process.

Question 53

Which of the following theories contains concepts such as front stage and backstage and has its roots in the work of William Shakespeare?

Accepted Answer

B. dramaturgical theory

Question 54

According to Erving Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe they are doing the same. He calls this:

Accepted Answer

C. impression management

Question 55

According to dramaturgical theory, the primary goal of every social interaction is to:

Accepted Answer

B. make a good impression

Question 56

A good deal of impression management can be said to involve teamwork. Which of the following is an example of teamwork?

Accepted Answer

D. parents collaborating to prevent children from knowing about their quarrels

Question 57

According to impression management, the backstage arena would include:

Accepted Answer

D. where we are our private selves and where the real story takes place

Question 58

Which of the following scenarios provides an example of front-stage behavior?

Accepted Answer

A. Sally discovers her mother-in-law is dropping by shortly, so Sally rushes to tidy up the house.

Question 59

According to Erving Goffman, the esteem in which an individual is held by others is known as:

Accepted Answer

D. face

Question 60

Your professor drank too much over the weekend and tripped and sprained his ankle. When asked about his injury in class the next day, the professor replied, \"I sprained my ankle playing soccer with the kids.\" This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

B. saving face

Question 61

According to Erving Goffman, the main goal of impression management is to:

Accepted Answer

B. save face

Question 62

Front-stage mistakes, such as if your sociology professor accidently trips as she walks into class one day, are known as:

Accepted Answer

A. breaches

Question 63

According to Erving Goffman, when there is a breach (mistake) in an established script, people generally do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

C. work hard to repair the mistake so everyone can move forward

Question 64

In managing impressions, what do most people do when they suspect that an actor is creating a false impression?

Accepted Answer

C. They ignore it because when actors lose face, the discredited performance is uncomfortable for everyone.

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