question

Perception is the process by which A. stimulus energies are detected. B. stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity. C. sensory input is organized and interpreted. D. nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.

answer

C. sensory input is organized and interpreted.

question

A clouding of the lens of the eye is called a A. masking stimulus. B. visual cliff. C. cataract. D. blind spot.

answer

C. cataract.

question

Sensory adaptation refers to A. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. B. changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects. C. the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses. D. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

answer

D. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

question

Retinal disparity is an important cue for A. perceiving distance. B. brightness constancy. C. shape constancy. D. perceiving color.

answer

A. perceiving distance.

question

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on A. the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. B. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. C. an organism's behavior in response to environmental stimulation. D. how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US.

answer

B. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

question

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the A. iris. B. optic nerve. C. retina. D. feature detectors.

answer

A. iris.

question

The perceived size of an object is most strongly influenced by that object's perceived A. color. B. distance. C. motion. D. shape.

answer

B. distance.

question

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially A. rapid and subsequently stays rapid. B. slow and subsequently speeds up. C. slow and subsequently stays slow. D. rapid and subsequently slows down.

answer

D. rapid and subsequently slows down.

question

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of A. latent learning. B. the law of effect. C. instinctive drift. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

C. instinctive drift.

question

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curve and thickness of the A. rods and cones. B. bipolar cells. C. lens. D. optic nerve.

answer

C. lens.

question

Because she mistakenly thought she was much closer to the mountain than she actually was, Fiona perceived the mountain to be ________ than it actually was. A. smaller B. more richly colorful C. larger D. higher

answer

A. smaller

question

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________. A. proactive interference; retroactive interference B. short-term memory; long-term memory C. context-dependent memory; state-dependent memory D. automatic processing; effortful processing

answer

D. automatic processing; effortful processing

question

The direct link between a single cone and a single ________ preserves the fine details in the cone's message. A. bipolar cell B. rod C. ganglion cell D. blind spot

answer

A. bipolar cell

question

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates A. stimulus predictability. B. generalization. C. secondary reinforcement. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

B. generalization.

question

Researchers observed that people exposed to very convincing arguments about the value of frequent toothbrushing tended to A. exaggerate how infrequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. B. quickly forget the arguments if they were not in the habit of brushing frequently. C. exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past. D. quickly forget the arguments if they were in the habit of brushing frequently.

answer

C. exaggerate how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the past.

question

The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates A. retinal disparity. B. the phi phenomenon. C. interposition. D. relative motion.

answer

B. the phi phenomenon.

question

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as A. 12 seconds. B. 12 minutes. C. 1 hour. D. 1 minute.

answer

A. 12 seconds.

question

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates A. respondent behavior. B. prosocial behavior. C. observational learning. D. operant conditioning.

answer

C. observational learning.

question

Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory. A. short-term; sensory B. iconic; short-term C. long-term; iconic D. flashbulb; short-term

answer

B. iconic; short-term

question

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of A. the peg-word system. B. the serial position effect. C. chunking. D. the spacing effect.

answer

C. chunking.

question

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of A. modeling. B. generalization. C. latent learning. D. shaping.

answer

D. shaping.

question

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will A. soon give up asking for a treat entirely. B. come to ask for a treat only occasionally. C. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. D. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.

answer

C. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

question

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve A. encoding failure. B. interference. C. implicit memory loss. D. repression.

answer

B. interference.

question

Previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information. This phenomenon is called A. the serial position effect. B. long-term potentiation. C. overlearning. D. positive transfer.

answer

D. positive transfer.

question

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is A. positive reinforcement. B. positive punishment. C. negative punishment. D. negative reinforcement.

answer

B. positive punishment.

question

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates A. intermittent reinforcement. B. spontaneous recovery. C. extinction. D. higher-order conditioning.

answer

D. higher-order conditioning.

question

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of A. automatic processing. B. state-dependent memory. C. proactive interference. D. the misinformation effect.

answer

D. the misinformation effect.

question

Effortful processing most clearly requires A. flashbulb memory. B. implicit memory. C. iconic memory. D. working memory.

answer

D. working memory.

question

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by A. a biopsychosocial approach. B. Watson's behaviorism. C. the law of effect. D. Pavlov's experiments.

answer

A. a biopsychosocial approach.

question

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of A. spontaneous recovery. B. delayed reinforcement. C. secondary reinforcement. D. shaping.

answer

D. shaping.

question

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. A. reinforcement; punishment B. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer C. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer D. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

answer

B. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

question

Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in A. bottom-up processing. B. psychophysics. C. accommodation. D. signal detection.

answer

A. bottom-up processing.

question

In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled A. the details of the accident with vivid accuracy. B. broken glass at the scene of the accident. C. that the drivers of the vehicles were males. D. that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated.

answer

B. broken glass at the scene of the accident.

question

Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the A. left frontal lobe. B. right cerebellum. C. right frontal lobe. D. left cerebellum.

answer

A. left frontal lobe.

question

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying A. respondent behavior. B. spontaneous recovery. C. operant conditioning. D. observational learning.

answer

C. operant conditioning.

question

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? A. cones B. bipolar cells C. feature detectors D. rods

answer

A. cones

question

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates A. the serial position effect. B. the spacing effect. C. source amnesia. D. motivated forgetting.

answer

D. motivated forgetting.

question

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were A. unconditioned responses. B. conditioned reinforcers. C. primary reinforcers. D. conditioned responses.

answer

D. conditioned responses.

question

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of A. semantic processing. B. state-dependent memory. C. source amnesia. D. implicit memory.

answer

A. semantic processing.

question

Hubel and Weisel identified ________ that respond to specific aspects of visual stimulation. A. feature detectors B. signal detectors C. ganglion cells D. bipolar cells

answer

A. feature detectors

question

Our shifting perceptions of a Necker cube best illustrate the importance of A. blindsight. B. Weber's law. C. top-down processing. D. sensory adaptation.

answer

C. top-down processing.

question

Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the rate of operant responding. A. decrease; increase B. decrease; decrease C. have no effect on; decrease D. increase; decrease

answer

D. increase; decrease

question

When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of A. context effects. B. linear perspective. C. signal detection. D. perceptual adaptation.

answer

A. context effects.

question

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory. A. flashbulb B. implicit C. working D. sensory

answer

B. implicit

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? A. classical conditioning B. observational learning C. negative reinforcement D. operant conditioning

answer

A. classical conditioning

question

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as A. Weber's law. B. sensory interaction. C. signal detection. D. the opponent-process theory.

answer

A. Weber's law.

question

Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad illustrates an ability known as A. latent learning. B. theory of mind. C. spontaneous recovery. D. modeling.

answer

B. theory of mind.

question

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as A. long-term potentiation. B. chunking. C. the spacing effect. D. automatic processing.

answer

A. long-term potentiation.

question

The quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces A. stroboscopic movement. B. linear perspective. C. synaesthesia. D. retinal disparity.

answer

A. stroboscopic movement.

question

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of A. nerve cells in the brain. B. ganglion cells. C. bipolar cells. D. rods and cones

answer

A. nerve cells in the brain.

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of A. conditioned reinforcers. B. respondent behavior. C. cognitive processes. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

C. cognitive processes.

question

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to A. neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness. B. preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness. C. practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues. D. practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.

answer

B. preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

question

Sandy finds it harder to frown when watching her brother smile than when seeing him frown. Scientists are currently debating whether this can be attributed to the activation of A. cognitive maps. B. instinctive drift. C. mirror neurons. D. extrinsic motives.

answer

C. mirror neurons.

question

Brightness is to intensity as hue is to A. wavelength. B. pitch. C. color. D. amplitude.

answer

A. wavelength.

question

The direct link between a single cone and a single ________ preserves the fine details in the cone's message. A. rod B. blind spot C. bipolar cell D. ganglion cell

answer

C. bipolar cell

question

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves A. negative reinforcement. B. cognitive processes. C. shaping. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

B. cognitive processes.

question

A perceptual set is a A. readiness to judge an object as larger than it is. B. tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object. C. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. D. tendency to view objects high in our field of vision as closer than they are.

answer

C. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive.

question

Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by A. an unpredictable level of punishment. B. swiftly delivered punishment. C. severe levels of punishment. D. moderate levels of punishment.

answer

B. swiftly delivered punishment.

question

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be A. difficult to retrieve but never completely lost. B. distorted by our current expectations. C. much more vivid if they are seldom rehearsed. D. retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded.

answer

B. distorted by our current expectations.

question

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory. A. implicit B. flashbulb C. sensory D. working

answer

A. implicit

question

Andre claims that he can make a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration. Andre is claiming to possess the power of A. precognition. B. telepathy. C. psychokinesis. D. clairvoyance.

answer

C. psychokinesis.

question

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates: A. observational learning. B. associative learning. C. operant conditioning. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

B. associative learning.

question

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a A. US. B. CS. C. UR. D. CR.

answer

B. CS.

question

People with color-deficient vision for red and green may still see yellow. This is most easily explained by A. frequency theory. B. signal detection theory. C. the Young-Helmholtz theory. D. the opponent-process theory.

answer

D. the opponent-process theory.

question

Research with distorting goggles best supports the view of human perception advanced by A. John Locke. B. Ewald Hering. C. Herman Von Helmholtz. D. Immanuel Kant.

answer

A. John Locke.

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates A. spontaneous recovery. B. modeling. C. shaping. D. latent learning.

answer

D. latent learning.

question

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates A. retrograde amnesia. B. retroactive interference. C. proactive interference. D. source amnesia.

answer

C. proactive interference.

question

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are turned "on" by A. red light are turned "off" by blue light. B. green light are turned "off" by blue light. C. yellow light are turned "off" by red light. D. green light are turned "off" by red light.

answer

D. green light are turned "off" by red light.

question

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of A. the gate-control theory. B. the Young-Helmholtz theory. C. Weber's law. D. the opponent-process theory.

answer

B. the Young-Helmholtz theory.

question

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among A. shallow processing, semantic processing, and deep processing. B. the serial position effect, the spacing effect, and the testing effect. C. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. D. recall, recognition, and relearning.

answer

C. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

question

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called A. latent learning. B. discrimination. C. secondary reinforcement. D. respondent behavior.

answer

B. discrimination.

question

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. variable-ratio; fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval; variable-ratio C. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio; variable-interval

answer

C. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

question

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of A. the peg-word system. B. procedural memory. C. hierarchical organization. D. the spacing effect.

answer

C. hierarchical organization.

question

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of A. spontaneous recovery. B. respondent behavior. C. observational learning. D. operant conditioning.

answer

C. observational learning.

question

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________. A. detection; interpretation B. interpretation; organization C. organization; accommodation D. encoding; detection

answer

A. detection; interpretation

question

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of A. delayed reinforcement. B. observational learning. C. shaping. D. respondent behavior.

answer

B. observational learning.

question

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as A. signal detection. B. sensory interaction. C. Weber's law. D. the opponent-process theory.

answer

C. Weber's law.

question

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio C. variable-interval D. fixed-interval

answer

C. variable-interval

question

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of A. delayed reinforcement. B. shaping. C. secondary reinforcement. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

B. shaping.

question

You are most likely to automatically encode information about A. friends' birthdays. B. the sequence of your day's events. C. politicians' names. D. new phone numbers.

answer

B. the sequence of your day's events.

question

The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called A. figure-ground perception. B. perceptual set. C. interposition. D. perceptual constancy.

answer

A. figure-ground perception.

question

The amount of light reflected by an object relative to the amount reflected by surrounding objects is called A. retinal disparity. B. continuity. C. relative luminance. D. interposition

answer

C. relative luminance.

question

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as A. shaping. B. modeling. C. intrinsic motivation. D. latent learning.

answer

A. shaping.

question

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing A. flashbulb memories. B. mnemonics. C. iconic memories. D. infantile amnesia.

answer

A. flashbulb memories.

question

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Half the participants reported experiencing A. the misinformation effect. B. the spacing effect. C. anterograde amnesia. D. déjà vu.

answer

D. déjà vu.

question

Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed. A. cerebellum B. amygdala C. basal ganglia D. hippocampus

answer

D. hippocampus

question

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of A. implicit memory. B. working memory. C. parallel processing. D. iconic memory.

answer

B. working memory.

question

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory. A. implicit B. explicit C. short-term D. flashbulb

answer

C. short-term

question

The extrasensory ability to perceive an automobile accident taking place in a distant location is to ________ as the extrasensory ability to know at any moment exactly what your best friend is thinking is to ________. A. psychokinesis; clairvoyance B. telepathy; precognition C. precognition; psychokinesis D. clairvoyance; telepathy

answer

D. clairvoyance; telepathy

question

It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths. A. cognitive maps B. intrinsic motives C. prosocial behaviors D. mirror neurons

answer

D. mirror neurons

question

Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become A. source misattributions. B. retrieval cues. C. iconic memories. D. implicit memories.

answer

B. retrieval cues.

question

Echoic memory refers to A. a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event. B. the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory. C. the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. D. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

answer

D. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

question

Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of A. learning. B. cognitive learning. C. spontaneous recovery. D. discrimination.

answer

A. learning.

question

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between A. encoding and retrieval. B. implicit and explicit memory. C. deep and shallow processing. D. iconic and echoic memory.

answer

C. deep and shallow processing.

question

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement. A. delayed B. conditioned C. intermittent D. negative

answer

C. intermittent

question

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse? A. the spacing effect B. proactive interference C. the misinformation effect D. the serial position effect

answer

C. the misinformation effect

question

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs. A. right hippocampus; left hippocampus B. left cerebellum; right cerebellum C. right cerebellum; left cerebellum D. left hippocampus; right hippocampus

answer

D. left hippocampus; right hippocampus

question

Opponent-process cells have been located in the A. thalamus. B. cochlea. C. semicircular canals. D. spinal cord.

answer

A. thalamus.

question

Sensory adaptation refers to A. changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects. B. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. C. the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses. D. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

answer

D. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

question

A Skinner box is a(n) A. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning. B. "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. C. aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. D. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

answer

D. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

question

The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between A. explicit memory and implicit memory. B. infantile amnesia and source amnesia. C. iconic memory and echoic memory. D. proactive interference and retroactive interference.

answer

A. explicit memory and implicit memory.

question

When we look at a clock showing 8 A.M., certain brain cells in our visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 A.M. This is most indicative of A. perceptual adaptation. B. sensory interaction. C. feature detection. D. accommodation.

answer

C. feature detection.

question

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized A. operant chambers. B. cognitive maps. C. mirror neurons. D. intrinsic motives.

answer

C. mirror neurons.

question

Long-term potentiation is believed to be A. the process of getting information out of memory. B. the elimination of anxiety-producing thoughts from conscious awareness. C. the disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information. D. a neural basis for learning and memory.

answer

D. a neural basis for learning and memory.

question

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called A. classical conditioning. B. shaping. C. cognitive learning. D. partial reinforcement.

answer

C. cognitive learning.

question

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. A. iconic B. long-term C. short-term D. echoic

answer

B. long-term

question

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of A. negative reinforcement. B. classical conditioning. C. spontaneous recovery. D. shaping.

answer

B. classical conditioning.

question

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule. A. variable-interval B. fixed-ratio C. variable-ratio D. fixed-interval

answer

C. variable-ratio

question

Figure is to ground as ________ is to ________. A. form; substance B. looking up; looking down C. a white cloud; blue sky D. sensation; perception

answer

C. a white cloud; blue sky

question

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory. A. procedural B. iconic C. explicit D. state-dependent

answer

C. explicit

question

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will A. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store. B. soon give up asking for a treat entirely. C. come to ask for a treat only occasionally. D. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

answer

D. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

question

The quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces A. retinal disparity. B. stroboscopic movement. C. synaesthesia. D. linear perspective.

answer

B. stroboscopic movement.

question

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates A. the volley principle. B. sensory adaptation. C. Weber's law. D. accommodation.

answer

B. sensory adaptation.

question

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates A. higher-order conditioning. B. observational learning. C. spontaneous recovery. D. respondent behavior.

answer

B. observational learning.

question

By activating the amygdala, stress hormones facilitate A. the misinformation effect. B. repression. C. source amnesia. D. long-term potentiation.

answer

D. long-term potentiation.

question

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone A. generalization. B. spontaneous recovery. C. discrimination. D. extinction.

answer

D. extinction.

question

Conditioning is the process of A. learning associations. B. spontaneous recovery. C. observational learning. D. discrimination.

answer

A. learning associations.

question

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of A. nerve cells in the brain. B. bipolar cells. C. ganglion cells. D. rods and cones.

answer

A. nerve cells in the brain.

question

As the airplane descended for a landing, the pilot saw several beautiful islands that appeared to float in a vast expanse of blue ocean water. In this instance, the ocean is a A. perceptual set. B. ground. C. figure. D. binocular cue.

answer

B. ground.

question

Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced learning following enhanced production of the protein A. CREB. B. LTP. C. THC. D. GABA.

answer

A. CREB.

question

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Half the participants reported experiencing A. the misinformation effect. B. the spacing effect. C. déjà vu. D. anterograde amnesia.

answer

C. déjà vu.

question

Retinal disparity is an important cue for A. perceiving color. B. brightness constancy. C. shape constancy. D. perceiving distance.

answer

D. perceiving distance.

question

Lenore had been blind from birth. Immediately after corrective eye surgery, she could visually perceive figure-ground relationships. This fact would serve to support the position advanced by A. parapsychologists. B. Aristotle. C. Kant. D. Locke.

answer

C. Kant.

question

An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called A. proactive interference. B. shallow processing. C. anterograde amnesia. D. retrograde amnesia.

answer

D. retrograde amnesia.

question

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color ________ and the shortest visible waves as ________. A. black; white B. blue-violet; red C. red; green D. red; blue-violet

answer

D. red; blue-violet

question

Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________ reinforcers. A. negative B. partial C. primary D. immediate

answer

D. immediate

question

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction A. the CS is suppressed. B. the CS is eliminated. C. the CR is eliminated. D. the CR is suppressed.

answer

D. the CR is suppressed.

question

In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled A. the details of the accident with vivid accuracy. B. that the drivers of the vehicles were males. C. broken glass at the scene of the accident. D. that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated.

answer

C. broken glass at the scene of the accident.

question

While listening to sad rather than happy music, people are more likely to perceive a spoken work as mourning rather than morning. This best illustrates that perception is influenced by A. synaesthesia. B. linear perspective. C. accommodation. D. top-down processing.

answer

D. top-down processing.

question

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. A. latent learning B. classical conditioning C. observational learning D. operant conditioning

answer

D. operant conditioning

question

Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that A. children are less susceptible to source amnesia than adults. B. children are no more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults. C. it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories. D. all of these statements are true.

answer

C. it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories.

question

Ewald Hering found a clue to the mystery of color vision in A. the phi phenomenon. B. retinal disparity. C. blindsight. D. afterimages.

answer

C. blindsight.

question

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of a nursemaid's thwarting his kidnapping after hearing false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates A. source amnesia. B. mood-congruent memory. C. implicit memory. D. proactive interference.

answer

A. source amnesia.

question

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve A. implicit memory loss. B. repression. C. encoding failure. D. interference.

answer

D. interference.

question

Explicit memory is also known as A. mood-congruent memory. B. context-dependent memory. C. declarative memory. D. procedural memory.

answer

C. declarative memory.

question

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? A. recognition B. recall C. rehearsal D. relearning

answer

B. recall

question

People's response to subliminal priming indicates that A. their unconscious minds are incapable of resisting subliminally presented suggestions. B. they experience a sense of discomfort whenever they are exposed to subliminal stimuli. C. they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so. D. they are more sensitive to subliminal sounds than to subliminal sights.

answer

C. they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so.

question

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates A. the serial position effect. B. deep processing. C. proactive interference. D. iconic memory.

answer

B. deep processing.

question

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is A. negative reinforcement. B. positive punishment. C. negative punishment. D. positive reinforcement.

answer

B. positive punishment.

question

When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful A. iconic memory. B. spacing effect. C. memory trace. D. retrieval cue.

answer

D. retrieval cue.

question

Our assumption that light typically comes from above us contributes most directly to the importance of ________ as a monocular cue for depth perception. A. light and shadow B. retinal disparity C. interposition D. linear perspective

answer

A. light and shadow

question

Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between A. deep and shallow processing. B. implicit and explicit memory. C. encoding and retrieval. D. iconic and echoic memory.

answer

A. deep and shallow processing.

question

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) A. unconditioned stimulus. B. partial reinforcement. C. primary reinforcer. D. discriminative stimulus.

answer

D. discriminative stimulus.

question

If an adult who was blind from birth gains the ability to see, that person would have the greatest difficulty visually distinguishing A. circles from squares. B. the Sun from the Moon. C. a white cloud from the blue sky. D. red from green.

answer

A. circles from squares.

question

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________. A. an unconditioned response; a conditioned response B. a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule C. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation D. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

answer

C. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

question

Eye witnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates A. the peg-word system. B. source misattribution. C. context-dependent memory. D. the spacing effect.

answer

C. context-dependent memory.

question

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of A. iconic memory. B. imagery. C. deep processing. D. flashbulb memory.

answer

B. imagery.

question

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. negative punishment. D. positive punishment.

answer

C. negative punishment.

question

A mnemonic is a A. test or measure of memory. B. memory aid. C. long-term memory. D. sensory memory.

answer

B. memory aid.

question

On the way to the visual cortex, neural impulses from the retina are first relayed to the A. hippocampus. B. oval window. C. thalamus. D. olfactory bulb.

answer

C. thalamus.

question

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer. A. conditioned B. partial C. delayed D. negative

answer

A. conditioned

question

The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of A. memory construction. B. repression. C. mood-congruent memory. D. proactive interference.

answer

A. memory construction.

question

When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears A. blue. B. green. C. red. D. yellow.

answer

D. yellow.

question

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. A. observational learning B. classical conditioning C. operant conditioning D. latent learning

answer

C. operant conditioning

question

You are most likely to automatically encode information about A. politicians' names. B. the sequence of your day's events. C. new phone numbers. D. friends' birthdays.

answer

B. the sequence of your day's events.

question

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of A. partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement. B. primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement. C. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. D. secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.

answer

C. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.

question

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory. A. state-dependent B. procedural C. iconic D. explicit

answer

D. explicit

question

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) A. physiological psychologist. B. behaviorist. C. psychoanalyst. D. cognitive psychologist.

answer

B. behaviorist.

question

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of A. rods and cones. B. ganglion cells. C. nerve cells in the brain. D. bipolar cells.

answer

C. nerve cells in the brain.

question

Damage to the fovea would probably have the LEAST effect on visual sensitivity to ________ stimuli. A. highly familiar B. dimly illuminated C. finely detailed D. brilliantly colored

answer

B. dimly illuminated

question

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to A. instinctive drift. B. the law of effect. C. the violence-viewing effect. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

C. the violence-viewing effect.

question

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly A. before an appropriate UR. B. before an appropriate US. C. after an appropriate US. D. after an appropriate UR.

answer

B. before an appropriate US.

question

The ability to see objects in three dimensions is most essential for making judgments of A. distance. B. relative luminance. C. stroboscopic movement. D. continuity.

answer

A. distance.

question

In experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. In these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of A. accommodation. B. tinnitus. C. blindsight. D. priming.

answer

D. priming.

question

An area of the brain dedicated to the specialized task of recognizing faces is located in the right ________ lobe. A. temporal B. parietal C. occipital D. frontal

answer

A. temporal

question

The philosopher John Locke believed that people A. are endowed at birth with perceptual skills. B. learn to perceive the world through experience. C. experience the whole as different from the sum of its parts. D. are unable to adapt to an inverted visual world.

answer

B. learn to perceive the world through experience.

question

The influence of schemas on our interpretations of ambiguous sensations best illustrates A. sensory adaptation. B. shape constancy. C. top-down processing. D. accommodation.

answer

C. top-down processing.

question

The tendency to perceive a moving light in the night sky as belonging to an airplane rather than a weather balloon best illustrates the impact of A. perceptual set. B. signal detection. C. sensory adaptation. D. bottom-up processing.

answer

A. perceptual set.

question

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory. A. procedural B. flashbulb C. sensory D. implicit

answer

B. flashbulb

question

A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with A. the effect of neurotransmitters on depression. B. our psychological reactions to physical stress. C. the effects of heredity on the endocrine system. D. the relationship between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

answer

D. the relationship between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

question

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity? A. long-term memory B. short-term memory C. iconic memory D. echoic memory

answer

A. long-term memory

question

Rebecca was born with cataracts that were not surgically removed until she was 3 years old. As a result, Rebecca is most likely to A. be unable to perceive figure-ground relationships. B. be unable to sense colors. C. have lost visual receptor cells in her eyes. D. have inadequate neural connections in her visual cortex.

answer

D. have inadequate neural connections in her visual cortex.

question

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will A. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. B. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store. C. come to ask for a treat only occasionally. D. soon give up asking for a treat entirely.

answer

A. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

question

Telepathy refers to the A. perception of future events, such as a person's fate. B. extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another. C. ability to understand and share the emotions of another person. D. extrasensory perception of events that occur at places remote to the perceiver.

answer

B. extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.

question

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions? A. recall B. relearning C. recognition D. rehearsal

answer

C. recognition

question

Mr. Logwood's eyewitness perceptions of a car accident were influenced by his inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences, his learned schemas, and by other eyewitnesses' reactions to the car accident. An integrated understanding of Mr. Logwood's perceptions of the accident is most clearly provided by A. trichromatic theory. B. a biopsychosocial approach. C. signal detection. D. opponent-process theory.

answer

B. a biopsychosocial approach.

question

When asked how they felt 10 years ago regarding marijuana issues, people recalled attitudes closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates A. memory construction. B. proactive interference. C. mood-congruent memory. D. the spacing effect.

answer

A. memory construction.

question

Eye witnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates A. the peg-word system. B. the spacing effect. C. source misattribution. D. context-dependent memory.

answer

D. context-dependent memory.

question

Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates A. serial processing. B. sensory interaction. C. the McGurk effect. D. blindsight.

answer

D. blindsight.

question

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates A. prosocial behavior. B. operant conditioning. C. respondent behavior. D. observational learning.

answer

D. observational learning.

question

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? A. bipolar cells B. rods and cones C. feature detectors D. ganglion cells

answer

B. rods and cones

question

Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become A. implicit memories. B. source misattributions. C. retrieval cues. D. iconic memories.

answer

C. retrieval cues.

question

The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates A. mood-congruent memory. B. the serial position effect. C. the misinformation effect. D. the two-track mind.

answer

D. the two-track mind.

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually A. bright when it is near the horizon. B. bright when it is high in the sky. C. large when it is high in the sky. D. large when it is near the horizon.

answer

D. large when it is near the horizon.

question

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called A. discrimination. B. generalization. C. acquisition. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

A. discrimination.

question

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A. spontaneous recovery. B. acquisition. C. secondary reinforcement. D. generalization.

answer

D. generalization.

question

By activating the amygdala, stress hormones facilitate A. long-term potentiation. B. source amnesia. C. the misinformation effect. D. repression.

answer

A. long-term potentiation.

question

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina? A. transduction of the blind spot B. sensory adaptation of feature detectors C. dilation of the pupil D. accommodation of the lens

answer

C. dilation of the pupil

question

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction A. the CR is suppressed. B. the CS is suppressed. C. the CS is eliminated. D. the CR is eliminated.

answer

A. the CR is suppressed.

question

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates A. spontaneous recovery. B. instinctive drift. C. overimitation. D. negative reinforcement.

answer

C. overimitation.

question

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A. specified number of responses have been made. B. specified time period has elapsed. C. unpredictable time period has elapsed. D. unpredictable number of responses have been made.

answer

A. specified number of responses have been made.

question

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A. the serial position effect. B. state-dependent memory. C. the spacing effect. D. automatic processing.

answer

C. the spacing effect.

question

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on A. effortful processing. B. retrieval. C. memory. D. visual encoding.

answer

C. memory.

question

Experimental participants viewed symbols on a computer screen without knowing that these symbols had earlier been subliminally flashed on the screen. Half the participants reported experiencing A. the spacing effect. B. anterograde amnesia. C. déjà vu. D. the misinformation effect.

answer

C. déjà vu.

question

Brightness constancy is most clearly facilitated by A. proximity. B. relative luminance. C. retinal disparity. D. interposition.

answer

B. relative luminance.

question

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates A. the volley principle. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. Weber's law.

answer

C. sensory adaptation.

question

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is A. positive reinforcement. B. positive punishment. C. negative reinforcement. D. negative punishment.

answer

B. positive punishment.

question

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of A. the serial position effect. B. priming. C. repression. D. the spacing effect.

answer

B. priming.

question

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories. A. working B. implicit C. flashbulb D. sensory

answer

B. implicit

question

The pupil is the A. adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. B. transparent structure that focuses light rays in a process called accommodation. C. light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing both rods and cones. D. central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

answer

A. adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

question

The influence of schemas on our interpretations of ambiguous sensations best illustrates A. accommodation. B. top-down processing. C. sensory adaptation. D. shape constancy.

answer

B. top-down processing.

question

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves A. spontaneous recovery. B. negative reinforcement. C. cognitive processes. D. shaping.

answer

C. cognitive processes.

question

Retinal disparity is an important cue for A. brightness constancy. B. perceiving color. C. perceiving distance. D. shape constancy.

answer

C. perceiving distance.

question

Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the A. left frontal lobe. B. right frontal lobe. C. left cerebellum. D. right cerebellum.

answer

A. left frontal lobe.

question

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing A. mnemonics. B. iconic memories. C. infantile amnesia. D. flashbulb memories.

answer

D. flashbulb memories.

question

Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A. latent learning. B. operant conditioning. C. spontaneous recovery. D. classical conditioning.

answer

B. operant conditioning.

question

The existence of convincing scientific evidence that ESP is possible would pose the greatest challenge to the A. contemporary scientific understanding of human nature. B. continued existence of parapsychology. C. continuation of research on the processes that underlie ordinary forms of sensation and perception. D. ordinary belief systems of most Americans.

answer

A. contemporary scientific understanding of human nature.

question

In experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. In these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of A. tinnitus. B. priming. C. accommodation. D. blindsight.

answer

B. priming.

question

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists is(are) likely to promote false memories in patients? A. hypnosis B. guided imagery C. dream analysis D. all of these techniques

answer

D. all of these techniques

question

The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of A. associative learning. B. discrimination. C. spontaneous recovery. D. cognitive processes.

answer

D. cognitive processes.

question

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field is called A. perceptual adaptation. B. accommodation. C. shape constancy. D. perceptual set.

answer

A. perceptual adaptation.

question

According to Allen Baddeley, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual-spatial information in our ________ memory. A. implicit B. procedural C. state-dependent D. working

answer

D. working

question

Words, images, and other bits of information used to access a stored memory are called A. acronyms. B. chunks. C. retrieval cues. D. peg-word systems.

answer

C. retrieval cues.

question

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory. A. flashbulb B. short-term memory C. iconic D. implicit

answer

B. short-term memory

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates A. spontaneous recovery. B. latent learning. C. modeling. D. shaping.

answer

B. latent learning.

question

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of A. source amnesia. B. implicit memory. C. semantic processing. D. state-dependent memory.

answer

C. semantic processing.

question

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage? A. cerebellum B. basal ganglia C. hippocampus D. hypothalamus

answer

C. hippocampus

question

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve A. implicit memory loss. B. repression. C. interference. D. encoding failure.

answer

C. interference.

question

After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of A. the self-reference effect. B. priming. C. shallow processing. D. echoic memory.

answer

B. priming.

question

Psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes have demonstrated the value of A. clairvoyance. B. telepathy. C. precognition. D. none of these things.

answer

D. none of these things.

question

A clouding of the lens of the eye is called a A. cataract. B. masking stimulus. C. blind spot. D. visual cliff.

answer

A. cataract.

question

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change is known as A. perceptual constancy. B. prosopagnosia. C. interposition. D. perceptual adaptation.

answer

A. perceptual constancy.

question

Echoic memory refers to A. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. B. the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. C. the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory. D. a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

answer

A. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

question

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes A. encoding failure. B. retrieval failure. C. implicit memory. D. the spacing effect.

answer

B. retrieval failure.

question

By activating the amygdala, stress hormones facilitate A. repression. B. the misinformation effect. C. long-term potentiation. D. source amnesia.

answer

C. long-term potentiation.

question

After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a _____ effect than is their later recall of the items. A. recency B. spacing C. self-reference D. misinformation

answer

A. recency

question

When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful A. retrieval cue. B. iconic memory. C. spacing effect. D. memory trace.

answer

A. retrieval cue.

question

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called A. latent learning. B. the law of effect. C. observational learning. D. shaping.

answer

B. the law of effect.

question

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the A. optic nerve. B. retina. C. feature detectors. D. iris.

answer

D. iris.

question

Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of the brain is known as A. feature detection. B. transduction. C. parallel processing. D. sensory adaptation.

answer

C. parallel processing.

question

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates A. the McGurk effect. B. Weber's law. C. the opponent-process theory. D. sensory adaptation.

answer

B. Weber's law.

question

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should A. continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums. B. threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums. C. offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself. D. return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.

answer

A. continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.

question

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color ________ and the shortest visible waves as ________. A. red; blue-violet B. black; white C. blue-violet; red D. red; green

answer

A. red; blue-violet

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually A. bright when it is high in the sky. B. bright when it is near the horizon. C. large when it is near the horizon. D. large when it is high in the sky.

answer

C. large when it is near the horizon.

question

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by A. Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. B. Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. C. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants. D. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

answer

D. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

question

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer. A. conditioned B. negative C. positive D. partial

answer

B. negative

question

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) A. neutral stimulus. B. secondary reinforcer. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. primary reinforcer.

answer

A. neutral stimulus.

question

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that A. all our experiences are preserved somewhere in our minds. B. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable. C. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse. D. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.

answer

B. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

question

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a A. negative punishment. B. positive punishment. C. negative reinforcement. D. positive reinforcement.

answer

A. negative punishment.

question

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of A. deep processing. B. imagery. C. flashbulb memory. D. iconic memory.

answer

B. imagery.

question

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. A. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer B. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer C. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer D. reinforcement; punishment

answer

A. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

question

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of A. the gate-control theory. B. the Young-Helmholtz theory. C. Weber's law. D. the opponent-process theory.

answer

B. the Young-Helmholtz theory.

question

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? A. rods and cones B. feature detectors C. bipolar cells D. ganglion cells

answer

A. rods and cones

question

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on A. retrieval. B. effortful processing. C. visual encoding. D. memory.

answer

D. memory.

question

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of A. perceptual adaptation. B. retinal disparity. C. shape constancy. D. perceptual set.

answer

A. perceptual adaptation.

question

Telepathy refers to the A. extrasensory perception of events that occur at places remote to the perceiver. B. ability to understand and share the emotions of another person. C. extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another. D. perception of future events, such as a person's fate.

answer

C. extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.

question

Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories during the process of A. déjà vu. B. repression. C. retrieval. D. source amnesia.

answer

C. retrieval.

question

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of A. latent learning. B. instinctive drift. C. spontaneous recovery. D. the law of effect.

answer

B. instinctive drift.

question

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________. A. explicit memory; implicit memory B. retention; acquisition C. rehearsal; retrieval D. recognition; recall

answer

B. retention; acquisition

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