Intro to Psychology (Chap1) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
John Watson believed that phobias __________.
answer
are learned through the process of conditioning
question
The view that objective introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations is known as __________.
answer
structuralism
question
Annabeth believes that psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind-how it allows us to work, play, and adapt to our surroundings. Annabeth would be most aptly described as a ____________.
answer
Functionalist
question
Pavlov showed that __________ could be induced by a formerly unrelated stimulus.
answer
a reflexive response
question
Today, Gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?
answer
Cognitive psychology
question
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis:
answer
Is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations
question
__________ is known as the "father of psychology."
answer
Wilhelm Wundt
question
Why was William James reluctant to accept Wundt's ideas regarding introspection and structuralism?
answer
James felt that consciousness is an ever-changing phenomenon, and that it was not possible to objectively measure it without altering it.
question
By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that:
answer
phobias could be learned through conditioning.
question
Freud believed that __________ experiences were the most important.
answer
early childhood
question
Gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan,
answer
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
question
What did Watson believe about behavior?
answer
Behavior is learned
question
The belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as __________.
answer
structuralism
question
Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to __________.
answer
all internal covert activity of our minds
question
Freud proposed that there is a(n) __________ mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires.
answer
unconscious
question
Functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of __________.
answer
Charles Darwin
question
Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as __________.
answer
objective introspection
question
Which of the following is true about Gestalt psychology?
answer
It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures.
question
The psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of __________.
answer
Sigmund Freud
question
Grover, who lives in Pennsylvania, has been feeling very sad lately and has decided to see a mental health professional in order to receive a prescription for some antidepressant medications. He will also engage in psychotherapy with this individual. Grover is most likely to visit a __________.
answer
psychiatrist
question
A __________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor.
answer
Psychiatrist
question
The bystander effect says that people in a crowd are __________ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.
answer
less likely to
question
Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious mind. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?
answer
Psychodynamic
question
__________ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.
answer
Cognitive Psychology
question
How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?
answer
Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives.
question
Psychologists in the counseling specialization __________.
answer
must be licensed to practice in their states
question
When Rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Maslow called this __________.
answer
self-actualization
question
The sociocultural perspective studies __________.
answer
the effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group
question
Only 40% of psychologists are __________.
answer
employed in educational settings
question
Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?
answer
Evolutionary
question
Evolutionary psychology looks at humans' aversion to bitter tastes as a(n) __________ behavior born of early humans' avoidance of poisonous plants.
answer
adaptive
question
The largest subfield of psychology is __________.
answer
clinical
question
Biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause for __________.
answer
schizophrenia
question
__________ is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.
answer
Cognitive neuroscience
question
Anna is 45-years-old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a __________ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.
answer
biopsychological
question
According to the behavioral perspective, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will __________.
answer
cry again in the future
question
Which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans or animals in a variety of settings?
answer
Psychologist
question
According to B. F. Skinner, behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are __________.
answer
reinforced
question
The psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of __________.
answer
Sigmund Freud
question
A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is being given a sugar pill. This type of study is __________.
answer
double-blind
question
If a researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have a(n) __________.
answer
positive correlation
question
Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?
answer
Experiment
question
Harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards, then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of __________.
answer
confirmation bias
question
The situation of Phineas Gage was perfect for a(n) __________
answer
case study
question
If deception is necessary, participants must then be __________ after the study.
answer
debriefed
question
An institutional review board reviews __________.
answer
a study's safety and consideration for the research participants
question
Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as __________.
answer
the placebo effect
question
Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use __________ to study psychology.
answer
the scientific method
question
A(n) __________ is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables.
answer
correlation
question
Sasha sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Sasha's research will be impacted by __________.
answer
the observer-expectancy effect
question
In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by __________.
answer
using random assignment
question
Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using __________.
answer
random assignment
question
Neither the participants nor the experimenter know if the participants are in the control or experimental group in a __________.
answer
double-blind study
question
Critical thinking is __________
answer
the ability to make reasoned judgments
question
If there is __________ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug.
answer
a placebo effect
question
What is the main advantage of laboratory observation?
answer
The degree of control it gives the researcher
question
A researcher wants to determine how most U.S. college students feel about the president. Which of the following groups provides a representative sample for this researcher's survey?
answer
Students selected randomly at college campuses across the country
question
Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from __________.
answer
observer bias
question
When you make a prediction about the explanation for your observations, you are __________.
answer
Forming a hypothesis
question
Correlation will tell researchers all of the following except __________ between variables.
answer
if there is causation
question
The first step in the scientific method is __________.
answer
perceiving the question
question
Which of the following is a guideline for dealing with human research participants?
answer
Data must remain confidential.
question
In an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is __________.
answer
the presence or absence of caffeine
question
In a negative correlation __________.
answer
the two variables have an inverse relationship
question
In measuring the effect of violent cartoons on childhood aggression, researchers must identify the __________ of "aggressive behavior."
answer
operational definition
question
One drawback to the survey method is __________.
answer
the way in which a question is worded can affect the answer
question
If a correlation coefficient is positive, __________.
answer
the two variables move in the same direction
question
Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?
answer
Studying long-term effects is much easier.
question
Mrs. Lewis participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Lewis was in the __________ group.
answer
control
