intro to psychology – Flashcards
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By making a loud noise when "little albert" was presented w/ a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats
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phobias could be learned through conditioning
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john watson believed that phobias
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are learned through the process of conditioning
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w/in the field of psychology, mental process refers to
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all internal convert activity of our minds
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Annabeth believes that psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind- how it allows us to work, play, and adapt to our surroundings. annabeth would be most aptly described as
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functionalist
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what referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activites as objective
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introspection
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the psychological perspective that is associated w/ william james is
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functionalism
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Freud proposed that there is a ____ mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires
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unconscious
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Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
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is still in use by professionals today, w/ less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations
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functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of
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charles darwin
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the belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as
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structuralism
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which of the following is true about gestalt psychology?
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it is focused on perception of patterns and whole figures
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the view that objective introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations is known as
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structuralism
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Freud believed that ____ experiences were the most important
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early childhood
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Which early perspective in psychology, associated w/ william james, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?
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functionalism
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What did watson believe about behavior?
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behavior is learned
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gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan,
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"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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why was william james reluctant to accept wundt's ideas regarding introspection and structuralism?
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james felt that consciousness is an ever-changing phenomenon, and that it was not possible to objectively measure it w/o alternating it
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____ is known as the "father of psychology"
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wilhlem wundt
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today, gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?
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cognitive
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pavlov showed that a ____ could be induced by a formally unrelated stimulus.
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reflexive response
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only 40% of psychologists are
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employed in educational settings
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how does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism
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humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives
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which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans in a variety of settings
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psychologists
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the psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of
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sigmund freud
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which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?
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evolutionary
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evolutionary psychology looks at humans's aversion to bitter tastes as
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adaptive
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anna is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. from a ____ perspective, anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.
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biopsychological
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the bystander effect says that people in a crowd are ____ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.
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less likely to
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biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause of
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schizophrenia
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when rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Maslow called this
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self authorization
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psychologists in the counseling specialization
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must be licensed to practice in their states
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___ psychology focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use info
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cognitive
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a ___ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor
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psychiatrist
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the largest subfield of psychology is
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clinical
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according to behavioral perspective, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will
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cry again in the future
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the sociocultural perspective studies
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the effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group
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according to b.f.'s skinner, behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are __
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reinforced
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mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious mind. to which perspective does mary ascribe?
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psychodynamic
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____ is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.
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cognitive neuroscience
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in the measuring the effect of violent cartoons on childhood aggression, researchers must identify the ___ of "aggressive behavior"
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operational definition
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researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from
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observer bias
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mrs. o'conner participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. she was in the group that received a sugar pill but she believe that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. this phenomenon is known as
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the placebo effect
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a __ is a measure of the relationship b/w two or more variables.
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correlation
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experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using
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random assignment
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what is the main advantage of laboratory observation?
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the degree of control it gives the researcher
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which of the following is a guideline of dealing w/ human research participants?
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data must remain confidential
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which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?
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studying long-term effects is much easier
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in an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is
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the presence or absence of caffeine
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critical thinking is the ability to make reasoned __
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judgments
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harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards, then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of
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confirmation bias
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in an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by
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using random assignments
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b/c psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use the ___ to study psychology.
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scientific method
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the first step in the scientific method is
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perceiving the question
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neither the participants nor the experiment know if the participants are in the control or experimental group in a
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double-blind study
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if researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have
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positive correlation
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correlation will tell researchers all of the following except __ between variables.
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if there is a causation
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when you make a prediction about the explanation for your observations, you are
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forming a hypothesis
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the situation of phineas gage was a perfect for a
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case study
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which research method will allow researchers to determind the cause of a behavior?
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experiment
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one drawback to the survey method is the
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way in which a question is worded can affect the answer
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if a correlation coefficient is positive,
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the 2 variables move in the same direction
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if there is a ___ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug
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a placebo effect
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if the deception is necessary, participants must then be ___ after the study.
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debriefed
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an institutional review board reviews
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a study's safety and consideration for the research participants
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In a negative correlation
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the 2 variable have an inverse relationship
