question

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions on which most sociological perspectives of crime causation are built?

answer

It is possible to predict the specific behavior of an individual member of a given group.

question

Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions.

answer

structure

question

__________ theories suggest that crime is the end product of factors such as inappropriate socialization and social learning.

answer

Social process

question

Conflict theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.

answer

the nature of existing power relationships between social groups

question

__________ theories suggest that crime is the result of class struggle.

answer

Conflict

question

Social structure theories see __________ as a fundamental cause of crime.

answer

social disenfranchisement

question

Which of the following is not a type of social structure theory?

answer

Social control theory

question

According to Thomas and Znaniecki, increased crime rates among recent immigrants to America was due to social

answer

disorganization

question

The social pathology model was used by early social __________ theorists.

answer

ecology

question

The idea of viewing cities in terms of concentric zones was developed by

answer

Robert Parks and Earnest Burgess

question

The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone __________ as being in transition.

answer

II

question

According to Park and Burgess, Zone __________ contained mostly working-class tenements.

answer

III

question

The concentric zone model was applied to the study of juvenile delinquency by

answer

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

question

According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will

answer

stay about the same

question

Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the __________ School of Criminology.

answer

Chicago

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a disorganized urban transitional zone?

answer

The presence of a significant amount of retail businesses

question

The most important contribution made by the ecological school is

answer

its claim that the community has a significant influence on behavior.

question

Which of the following is not one of the approaches upon which environmental criminology builds?

answer

Strain Theory

question

Sherman's "hot spots" research found that __________ percent of places in Minneapolis generated __________ percent of all calls to the police.

answer

3/50

question

Which of the following statements would not apply to Stark's theory of deviant neighborhoods?

answer

Where homes are more crowded, people tend to congregate in the home rather than outside the home.

question

The broken windows perspective was developed by

answer

James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling

question

Which of the following was not a result of the broken windows thesis?

answer

a focus on serious crime

question

Operation Padlock in New York City was based on the concept of

answer

criminology of place

question

The classic statement of strain theory was developed by

answer

Robert K. Merton

question

Merton's strain theory stresses

answer

the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them.

question

According to Merton, which of the following would not be a socially approved means to achieving legitimate goals?

answer

criminal activity

question

According to Merton, which of the following is the mode of adaptation that typifies most middle- and upper-class individuals?

answer

conformity

question

According to Merton, an innovator

answer

accepts the legitimate goals but rejects the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.

question

According to Merton, the __________ mode of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means.

answer

ritualism

question

Which is the least common mode of adaptation, according to Merton?

answer

retreatism

question

Relative deprivation theory was proposed by

answer

Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld.

question

Which of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation?

answer

feelings of social isolation

question

__________ is an individual's perception of his or her rightful place in the reward structure of society.

answer

Distributive justice

question

General strain theory was developed by

answer

Robert Agnew

question

According to general strain theory, which of the following is not a strain likely to cause crime?

answer

The strain is associated with high levels of self-control.

question

The culture conflict perspective was most clearly expressed by

answer

Thorsten Sellin

question

__________'s study of gangs in Chicago is one of the earliest works on subcultures.

answer

Frederic M. Thrasher

question

The book Street Corner Society, which studied the Italian slum known as "Cornerville," was written by

answer

William F. Whyte

question

Walter Miller identified six key values or __________ which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture.

answer

focal concerns

question

Which of the following is not one of Miller's focal concerns?

answer

control

question

According to Miller, male involvement in fighting and sexual adventures while drinking represent which focal concern?

answer

excitement

question

Which focal concern involves the ability to con or outsmart others?

answer

smartness

question

The concept of luck or of being lucky relates to the focal concern

answer

fate

question

Neutralization theory is most closely associated with the work of

answer

Gresham Sykes and David Matza.

question

A shoplifter who claims she is not really a criminal because "no one really got hurt" and "the shop can afford it" is employing the __________ technique of neutralization

answer

denying injury

question

The technique of neutralization that involves a young offender claiming that the unlawful acts were "not my fault" is known as

answer

denying responsibility

question

The concept of a subculture of violence was developed by

answer

Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang.

question

The development of favorable attitudes towards the use of violence involves

answer

learned behavior

question

It appears that certain forms of violence are more acceptable in the __________ portion of the United States

answer

southern

question

According to James Clark, the black subculture of violence was created by generations of __________ violence.

answer

white-on-black

question

The concept of "wholesale" and "retail" costs for homicide was developed by

answer

Franklin Zimring

question

Differential opportunity theory was developed by

answer

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

question

According to differential opportunity theory, drug use predominates in the __________ delinquent subculture.

answer

retreatist

question

According to Cloward and Ohlin, a Type __________ youth wants wealth but not entry into the middle class.

answer

III

question

A juvenile who becomes addicted to drugs or alcohol is an example of Cloward and Ohlin's Type __________ youth.

answer

IV

question

Reaction formation was developed by

answer

Robert Cohen

question

The book The Code of the Street was written by

answer

Elijah Anderson

question

The average age for joining a gang today is approximately __________ years of age

answer

13

question

Which of the following statement about gangs is not true?

answer

Many gangs allow female members to assume leadership roles.

question

Which of the following was not one of the objectives of the Chicago Area Project?

answer

increase job and educational opportunities for delinquents

question

__________ was based on the work of Cloward and Ohlin

answer

Mobilization for Youth

question

Which of the following was not part of Mobilization for Youth?

answer

welfare-to-work programs

question

Which of the following is a critique of ecological theories?

answer

They sometimes uses the incidence of delinquency as both an example of social disorganization and something caused by disorganization.

question

Some researchers suggest that __________ theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause.

answer

ecological

Intro to Criminology, Ch. 6 quiz "Social Structure Theories" – Flashcards

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