Intro to Criminal Justice Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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Murder
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The unlawful killing of one human being by another.
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Sexual Assault
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Forced or coerced sexual intercourse(or other sexual acts).
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Assault
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A threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm.
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Battery
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The act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm, even if the resulting injury is insubstantial.
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Robbery
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The act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation.
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Larceny
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The act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping the property.
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Burglary
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The act of breaking into or entering a structure(such as a home or office) without permission for the purpose of committing a crime.
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Public Order Crime
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Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values, customs, and norms.
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White-Collar Crime
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Nonviolent crimes committed by the business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage.
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Organized Crime
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Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services, such as illicit drugs or firearms.
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Uniform Crime Report(URC)
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An annual report compiled by the FBI to give an unification of criminal activity in the United States.
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Part I Offenses
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Crimes reported annually by the FBI in its Uniform Crime Report. Part I offenses include murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
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Part II Offenses
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All crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the category of Part I offenses. These crimes include both misdemeanors and felonies.
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Victim Surveys
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A method of gathering crime data that directly surveys participants to determine their experiences as victims of crime.
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Dark Figure of Crime
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A term used to describe that actual amount of crime that takes place. The "figure" is "dark", or impossible to detect, because a great number of crimes are never reported to the police.
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Self-Reported Survey
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A method of gathering crime data that relies on participants to reveal and detail their own criminal or delinquent behavior.
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Criminology
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The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior.
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Criminologist
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A specialist in the field of crime and the causes of criminal behavior.
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Correlation
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The relationship between two measurements or behaviors that tend to move in the same direction.
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Causation
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The relationship in which a change in one measurement or behavior creates a recognizable change in another measurement or behavior.
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Theory
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An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation experimentation, and reasoning.
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Hypothesis
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A possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by further investigation,
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Rational Choice Theory
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A school of criminology that holds the wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal it delinquent activity against the expected costs of being apprehended.
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Biology
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The science of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and origin.
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Psychology
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The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
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Hormone
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A chemical substance, produced in tissue and conveyed in the bloodstream, that controls certain cellular and body functions such as growth and reproduction.
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Testosterone
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The hormone primarily responsible for the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sex characteristics such as growth of facial and pubic hair and the change of voice pitch.
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Neurotransmitter
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A chemical that transmits nerve impulses between nerve cells and from nerve cells to the brain.
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Sociology
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The study of the development and functioning of groups of people who live together within society.
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Social Disorganization Theory
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The theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population.
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Strain Theory
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The assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their financial and personal goals through legitimate means.
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Anomie
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A condition in which the individual suffers from the breakdown or absence of social norms.
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Social Conflict Theories
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A school of criminology that views criminal behavior as the result of class conflict.
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Social Process Theories
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A school of criminology that considers criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a persons interaction with his or her environment.
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Learning Theory
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The hypothesis that delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and the emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity.
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Control Theory
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A series of theories that assume that all individuals have the potential from crime behavior, but are restrained by the damage that such actions would do to their relationships with family, friends, and members of the community.
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Life Course Criminology
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The study of crime based on the belief that behavioral patterns developed in childhood can predict delinquent and criminal behavior later in life.
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Victimology
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A schools of criminology that studies why certain people are the victims or crimes and the optimal role of victims in the criminal justice system.
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Chronic Offender
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A delinquent or criminal who commits multiple offenses and is considered part of a small group of wrongdoers who are responsible for a majority of the antisocial activity in any given community.
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Drug Abuse
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The use of drugs that result in physical or psychological problems for the user, as well as disruption of personal relationships and employment.
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Prescription Drugs
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Medical drugs that require a physician's permission for purchase.
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Methamphetamine (meth)
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An easily produced, relatively inexpensive stimulant that creates a strong feeling of euphoria in the user and is highly addictive.
