Into to psychology – Flashcards
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Psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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empiricism
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the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
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structuralism
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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
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functionalism
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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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pseudopsychology
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Psychology that is not based on scientific facts or studies, that is more "common sense" in some cases.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Known as father of psychology. Created the first scientific laboratory. Used structural approach
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William James
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Stream of consciousness", created functionalism with others, wrote Principles of Psychology
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psychiatry
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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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basic research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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applied research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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nature-nurture issue
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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
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Phrenology
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specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain and skull. (Gall)
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Stimulus
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Sensory input from the environment.
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Consciousness
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A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.
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Introspection
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The subjective observation of one's own experience. to look within
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Natural Selection
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Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.
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Gestalt Psychology
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A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.
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Neuroscience
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*modern* brain and body, nerous system... looks at behavior, emotion, memory and sensation as products of brain and nervous system
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Socrates
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theory of knowledge gained through reason and asking questions
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Introspection
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to "look within"
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B. F. Skinner
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Created reinforcement theory; behaviorist approach; operant conditioning
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Sigmund Freud
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creator of psychoanalysis and one of the most influential men in psychology;
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John B. Watson
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Founder of the Behavioral approach to psychology
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Biological Perspective
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Biological processes influence behavior and mental processes
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Evolutionary Perspective
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survival of some genes "natural selections"
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Cognitive Perspective
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*modern* mental processes, how we process, store and retrieve information
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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*modern* behavior is a result of unconscious forces and drives
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Sociocultural Perspective
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*modern* looks at how effects of society and culture determine behavior; as a result of the groups we belong to,
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Humanistic perspective
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*modern* the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices: all people good
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behavioral perspective
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*modern*, how we learn observable responses; people are the products of the associations or experiences they have had
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behavioral genetics
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to what extent do genes and environment influence individual differences (nature vs. Nurture)
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rationality vs. irrationality
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"does our brain play tricks on us"
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stability vs. change
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to what extent do we remain the same (stability) over time and to what extent do we change (change)
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critical thinking
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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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what is behavior?
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anything we can observe
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scientific approach
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curiosity, skeptical, objective, and critical thinking are all part of the ________ ________
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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overconfidence
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tend to thnk we know more than we actually do
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bias
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intentional or unintentional influences in research
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research methods
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refine theories by making observations that describe behavior
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case study
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Function: describe. an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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survey
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FUnction: describe. less in depth, self reported attitude or behaviors, should ask a representative random sample
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naturalistic observation
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function: Describe. Record behaviors in a natural setting
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Pros and cons of naturalistic observation
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Advantage: behavior in not faked Disadvantage: Open to researcher interpretation Doesn't explain why
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Pros and Cons of Correlation
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Advantage: Clearly shows strength and direction of relationship,Allows prediction Disadvantage: does not show causation
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correlation
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Function: predict. Numerical comparison of two variables
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Pros and Cons of Case study
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advantage: Revealing lots of detailed info Good for unusual cases Disadvantage:May be misleading, Can't always generalize
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pros and cons of survey
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Advantage: Ability to gather info from large population, Shows trends, Quick Distadvantage: Less depth, Sampling errors, Wording effects
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illusory correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
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Independent variable
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the factor that is manipulated, variable whose effect is being studied
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experimentation
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a research method, researcher manipulates factors to ovserve effect on some behavior or mental process, controls other factors with random assignment of subjects
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dependent variable
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the behavior or mental process that is being measured
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operational definition
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a statement of procedures used to define research variables
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experimental condition
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The group you are studying to which the independent variable is applied
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control condition:
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The group compared to the experimental group
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random assignment
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assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
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confounding variables
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factors which affect an experiment but should not: uncontrolled
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double blind study
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Research method in which both the subjects and the experimenter are unaware or 'blind' to the anticipated results.
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placebo
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an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance
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correlation coefficient
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A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
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regression toward the mean
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the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.
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statistical significance
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a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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rationalist
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knowledge through reason
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empiricists
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knowledge through observation
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founders of scientific psychology
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1700s Gall and Mesmer
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eclecticism
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using more than one approach
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Important people of Structuralism
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Wundt, Titchener
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Important people of Functionalism
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William James, Mary Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn
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Important people of Social cultural behavior
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Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo, Bandura
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Important people of Psychoanalysis
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Freud, Jung, Horney, Erikson
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Important people of Humanistic
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Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
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important people of cognative perspective
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Ebbinghaus, Piaget
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Important people of Behavioral perspective
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Darwin, Sperry, Broca, Wernicke
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important people of gesalt
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Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka, Lewin
