Interpersonal Com. Exam 1 – Flashcards
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what are the three categories do we categorize fungi into
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sac, zygote, and club
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Communication
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The creation and transmission of messages that convey meaning and affect behavior among people
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Models of communication
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Linear, Interactive, Transactional
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Linear
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Sender -> Message -> Receiver
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Interactive
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Sender -> Message -> Receiver -> Feedback
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Transactional
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Sender and Receiver -> Message -> Receiver and Sender
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Principles of communication
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One cannot NOT communicate, Communication has a content and relationship aspect, Communication has an ethical aspect/irreversible
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Buber's types of relational communication
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Form meaningful bonds that ease distance between people
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I-It
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Superficial, views others as an object, thickens the difference between people
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I-Thou
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Focuses on empathy, honesty, kindness; thins the difference between people
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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Hierarchy of human needs, must realize needs at one level before moving onto the next
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Hierarchy of needs: Order
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Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization
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Physiological needs
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Basic needs; Food, water, warmth rest
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Safety needs
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Basic needs; Security, safety
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Belongingness and love needs
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Psychological needs; Intimate relationships, friends
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Esteem needs
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Psychological needs; Prestige and feeling of accomplishment
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Self-Actualization
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Self fulfillment needs; Achieving one's full potential, including creative activities
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Three components of the self
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Self awareness, self concept, self esteem
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Self awareness
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The ability to reflect your thoughts, feelings, and behavior
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Self concept
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Your overall perception of who you are
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Self esteem
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The overall value that you assign to yourself
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Benefits of high self esteem
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More outgoing, willing to try again after failure, comfortable imitating relationships, happier with life, less depression
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Drawbacks of high self esteem
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More likely to end relationship when encountering problems, more likely to engage in riskier sexual behaviors
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Reflected appraisals/looking glass self
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Our views of ourself are affected by how we think others view us
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Self-fulfilling prophecies
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We hold an expectation, behave in accordance with that expectation, the expectation comes to realization; which reinforces our initial thought
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Pygmalion effect
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Higher expectations lead to an increase in performance
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Social comparison
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Who/what we compare to, mostly peers
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Upward comparison
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Reference group better than 'me'
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Downward comparison
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Reference group worse than 'me'
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Self discrepancy theory
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Self-esteem determined by how you compare to two mental standards (ideal self and ought self)
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Ideal self
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Person you want to be
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Ought self
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Person that others want you to be
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Actual self
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Who you truly are
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Attachment Styles
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Secure, Preoccupied, Dismissive, Fearful
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Anxiety/Avoidance
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Anxiety is fear of rejection, avoidance is desire for intimacy
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Secure
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Low anxiety, low avoidance
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Preoccupied
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High anxiety, low avoidance
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Dismissive
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Low anxiety, high avoidance
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Fearful
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High anxiety, high avoidance
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Secure people tend to be
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Happy, empathetic and responsive, accepted, able to be vulnerable
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Preoccupied people tend to be
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Overly concerned about others' thoughts and views, clingy, seek validation and approval
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Dismissive people tend to be
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Independent, don't show emotions readily, high view of self and lower view of others
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Fearful people tend to be
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Dependent, sees self as helpless, wants closeness but scared of it, expects to be hurt
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Personality: OCEAN
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Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
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Openness
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General appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, experience
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Conscientiousness
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Tendency for self discipline and aims for achievement outside of expectations, high on self awareness
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Extroversion
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Degree to which you draw energy from others and also characterized by enjoyment of a breadth of activities
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Agreeableness
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General concern for social harmony, optimistic view of others, generally kind, caring, and trustworthy
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Neuroticism
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Tendency to experience negative emotions such as sadness, anger, anxiety, and depression
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Presenting the self
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Face, public vs. private, losing face
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Face
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Public self/desired image
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Public vs. Private self
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Act different among certain groups
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Losing face
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Let people see undesired face; embarrassing
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Self-presentation
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Packaging and editing the self to achieve desired impression
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Norms
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Rules or standards of actions; accepted behaviors in society
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Prescriptive norms
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What you SHOULD do
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Restrictive norms
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What you SHOULDN'T do, actions you're restricted from doing
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Self disclosure
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Disclosing more about yourself to someone else, revealing private information about yourself, leads to intimacy
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Social penetration theory
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Peripheral layers, intermediate layers, central layers
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Peripheral layers
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College major, age, gender f
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Intermediate layers
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Leisure interests, talents, food preferences, political beliefs
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Central layers
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Thoughts, feelings, dreams, self awareness/concept/esteem
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Breadth vs. Depth
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Breadth: Information at the peripheral layer, Depth: Getting to know someone deeper, central layer
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Johari Window
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The parts of yourself that are public, hidden, blind, and unknown
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Public
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Known to you and others
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Hidden
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Known to only you
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Blind
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Known to only others
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Unknown
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Known to nobody
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Impression formation: 3 Steps of perception
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Selection, organization, interpretation
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Selection
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We choose which stimulus to pay attention to
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Organization
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Structuring the information that you've selected into an understandable pattern
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Interpretation
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Assigning meaning to the information
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Salience
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The degree to which people/aspects of their communication attract our interest; visually/audibly stimulating
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Schema
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Mental templates we use to organize information quickly
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Heuristics
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Less subconscious, more active process
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Interpersonal impressions
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The impressions that interacting people develop about one another upon communicating
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Gestalts
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Formed quickly without a lot of information; usually an overall positive or negative impression
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Stereotypical impressions
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Formed perceptually categorizing people into a social group and then evaluating them based on information we have in our mental schemata related to the group
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Algebraic
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Formed by assessing the positive or negative things we learn about a person in order to calculate an overall impression, then modifying this impression as we learn new information
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More accurate than gestalts
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Algebraic
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Horn effect
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Viewing a person or thing as being bad based off of a person's already established biased opinion
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Halo effect
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Viewing a person or thing as being good based off of a person's already established biased opinion
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Attribution theory
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How people explain the outcomes of both their own and other people's behavior and events (success/failure)
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Aspects of attribution theory
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Locus, Stability/Unstable, Controllable/Uncontrollable
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Locus
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Internal/External: attributing outcomes to either personal (internal) factors, or to outside (external) circumstances
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Stability
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Unstable/Stable: when you or another person's circumstances or behaviors are either consistent (stable) or different (unstable) at a certain time due to external factors
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Controllability
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Uncontrollable/Controllable: factors that either were or weren't in your control
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Fundamental attribution error
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When people credit their own success to internal factors; attributing behaviors to internal causes more often than external
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Uncertainty reduction theory
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Motivated to reduce uncertainty
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Passive
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Observing a certain person in order to gain information and reduce uncertainty (without actually interacting; eg., fb stalking)
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Active
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Asking other people about a certain person in order to gain information and reduce uncertainty (asking third party)
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Interactive
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Asking the person directly in order to gain information about them and reduce uncertainty (talking with person of interest)
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Verbal communication
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Exchange of language with others during interaction (written and spoken)
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Verbal communication and language structured system of symbols that permits group of people to:
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Communicate and share meaning
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Characteristics of language
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Symbolic, governed by rules, flexible, cultural, evolves, layers of meaning
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Symbolic
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A word only represents a thing, it is not the thing itself
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Governed by rules
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Phonological rules, Syntactic rules, Constitutive rules, Regulate rules
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Phonological rules
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Pronunciation
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Syntactic rules
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Order
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Constitutive rules
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Meaning
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Regulative rules
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Implications/Interpretation
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Flexible
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Rules can be bent; Personal idioms, dialects
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Cultural
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Reflects the culture, enables perpetuation of the culture
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Evolves
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Meanings change over time and sometimes disappear. New words arise all the time, rules change over time.
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Layers of meaning
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Many words can imply certain ideas that differ from literal meaning
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Denotative meaning
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Literal, dictionary meaning
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Connotative meaning
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Implied, personal meaning. Word choices can reflect emotion or other meaning.
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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The structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience (makes you think about saying something)
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Linguistic determinism
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Language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception. Shapes/determines thought, people, can't think about what they don't have words for
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Linguistic relativity
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Language influences thought, people who speak different languages see world differently
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Speech acts (5)
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Representative, Directive, Commissive, Expressive, Declarative
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Characteristics of conversations
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Interactive, locally managed, universal, scripted
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Conversation
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A relatively informal social interaction in which the parties involved exchange messages collaboratively and spontaneously
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Manages relationships
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I/You/We language
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'I' Language
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Signifies ownership of feelings, opinions, beliefs
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'You' Language
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Places focus of attention and blame on other people
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'We' Language
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Signifies closeness and inclusiveness
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Nonverbal communication
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Behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without words
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Differences of nonverbal communication than verbal
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Multiple channels, more ambiguous, fewer rules, more meaning
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Similarities of nonverbal communication to verbal
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Culturally specific, influenced by gender
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Functions of nonverbal communication
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Conveys meaning, expresses emotion, enables self presentation, supports interaction management
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Conveys meaning
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Conveys 65% of meaning in conversation
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Express emotion
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Primary means of communicating emotion (nonverbally)
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Enables self presentation
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Demographic characteristics, sociocultural characteristics
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Supports interaction management
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Use variety of channels to control interaction; initiating, maintaining, turn-taking, exit behaviors
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Relationships
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Reflects intimacy, reflects dominance and submissiveness
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Types of nonverbal communication
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Kinesics, vocalics, haptic, proxemics, chronemics, physical appearance, artifacts, environment
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Kinesics
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Principle of facial primacy; communicates emotions. Eye movement, gestures, posture
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Vocalics
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Voice; tone, pitch, loudness, rate, articulation, silence
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Haptics
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Touch power/power of touch
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Proxemics
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Amount of space people feel necessary to keep between themselves and others
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Chronemics
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How you use time, think about time, valuability of time
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Monochronic
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View of time as one thing at a time
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Polychronic
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Fluid scheduling, not set time
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Artifacts
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Things that we have that shape our self presentation, send message of who we are; things we have/carry/can shape our self presentation
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Environment
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Artifacts that we choose to reflect us in certain spaces
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Mechanisms linking people to their spaces/environment
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Identity claims, behavioral residue, thought and feeling regulators
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Identity claims
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Stake a claim about who we are (picture frame)
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Behavioral residue
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Leftovers of our behavior (e.g., stove isn't clean)
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Thought and feeling regulators
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Things you place somewhere to shape how we feel (can also be a picture frame)
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What you can learn about someone from their space is...
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Openness and conscientiousness
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Culture
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Set of values and beliefs, norms, customs, rules and codes, that socially define groups of people, binding them to one another and giving them a sense of commonality
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Culture is
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Learned, layered, lived; makes up part of our personality
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Components of culture
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Values, norms, language
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Values
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Affects our standards for what is desirable, good or beautiful
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Norms
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Rules and expectations that guide our behavior
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Language
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Conveys beliefs and ideas of a culture
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Hofstede's dimensions of cultural difference
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Individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, communication context, power distance, masculinity vs. femininity
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Individualism
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Value achievement of individual, being special/unique
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Collectivism
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Putting emphasis on everyone, focus on the group
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Uncertainty avoidance
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High vs. Low: The degree to which a typical person in a society feels uncomfortable with a sense of uncertainty and ambiguity; affects how we deal with novelty
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U.S Uncertainty avoidance
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Low (we like weird shit)
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Communication context
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Affects our style of communication, low communication context = what we mean
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Power distance
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Conceptions of status and authority
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U.S Power distance
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Low; we often call people by their first name
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Japan Power distance
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High; more respect for elders and their titles
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Masculinity and femininity
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View of social rules ; important to functioning in society
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U.S Masculinity and femininity
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US has a masculine view on social roles meaning as a society we prefer
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Masculine
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Competitive, win/lose, confident
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Feminine
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Modesty, quality of life
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Acquisition of gender roles
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Parenting, games and toys, media
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Games and toys
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Gendered in terms of color and which gender should play with which
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Expressive talk
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Emotional support (women)
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Instrumental talk
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Problem solving (men)
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Gender clash
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Different view on the purpose of communication creates this
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Linguistic styles Men
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Interrupt more frequently, give more directions, and express more opinions
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Linguistic styles Women
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Ask more questions and use more disclaimers and hedges; do not talk more
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Report talk
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Men seek to command attention, win arguments, maintain status
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Rapport talk
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Women seeks to establish connections
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Touch and body movement
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Women are more aware of space they take up; crossing legs, take up less / Men are more dominant, "man spreading"
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Which gender is more likely to touch each other?
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Women
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Emotional communication
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Women are more emotionally expressive through body motions
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Affectionate behavior
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Women are more open and willing to show more affection
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Representative
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Commits the speaker to the truth of what has been said
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Directive
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Attempts to get listeners to do things, making requests
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Commissive
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Commits speakers to future actions, making promises (committing to something)
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Expressive
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Conveys a psychological or emotional state that the speaker is experiencing, expressing emotions
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Declarative
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Produces dramatic, observable effects, something someone says that changes things
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Sex
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Refers to innate, biological characteristics (genitalia, chromosomes, hormones)
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Gender
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Psychologically and culturally constructed term which varies from culture to culture and over time. It is learned
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Gender roles
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A set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex
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Emblems
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Gestures that replace words
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Adaptors
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Gestures that convey a psychological/emotional state (touch own body)
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Illustrators
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Gestures that add or show meaning, direct (point)
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Regulators
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Gestures that control the exchange of conversation
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Actor Observer effect
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Attributing our own behaviors to external causes more often than internal
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Self serving bias
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Attributing successes to internal cause, failures to external causes
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Over attribution
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Attributing a wide variety of behaviors of a person to one particular characteristic
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Communication meets needs
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Physical, relational, identity, instrumental
