International Business Ch, 5-6-130 terms-nm – Flashcards
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________ refers to the purchase, sale, or exchange of goods and services across national borders.
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International trade
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The importance of trade for a nation can be measured by ________.
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examining the volume of its trade relative to its total output
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Most of the world merchandise trade is composed of trade in ________.
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manufactured goods
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A majority of the total world merchandise trade occurs among ________.
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high-income economies
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The smallest portion of the total world trade comprises trade between ________.
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low-income and middle-income nations
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The danger of trade dependency is that ________.
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political turmoils in a country might affect all dependent countries
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________ says that nations should accumulate financial wealth, usually in the form of gold, by encouraging exports and discouraging imports.
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Mercantilism
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The measures of a nation's well-being other than the financial wealth accumulated through exports are irrelevant according to ________.
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mercantilism
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Which of the following was a prominent mercantilist nation?
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Britain
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One of the major pillars upon which the practice of mercantilism rested was ________.
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trade surpluses
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The condition that results when the value of a nation's exports is greater than the value of its imports is called ________.
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a trade surplus
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The condition that results when the value of a country's imports is greater than the value of its exports is called ________.
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a trade deficit
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According to mercantilism, the accumulation of national wealth depended on the ________.
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increase in a nation's trade surplus
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Which of the following statements is incorrect with regard to the importance of colonies for mercantilist nations?
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They served as a source of military protection.
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Nations following the theory of ________ believed that the world's wealth was limited and that a nation could increase its share of the pie only at the expense of its neighbors.
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mercantilism
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Today, countries seen by others as trying to maintain a trade surplus and expand their national treasures at the expense of other nations are accused of practicing ________.
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economic nationalism
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Another term for neomercantilism is ________.
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economic nationalism
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Which of the following refers to the ability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than any other nation?
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absolute advantage
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Who proposed the theory of absolute advantage?
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Adam Smith
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Adam Smith believed that ________.
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market forces should determine trade flows
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The theory of absolute advantage measures a nation's wealth by determining the ________.
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living standards of its people
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The theory of absolute advantage destroys the mercantilism idea that international trade is a ________.
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zero-sum game
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Which of the following is true about the theory of absolute advantage?
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The theory emphasizes that nations should open their doors to trade so that people can obtain more goods at cheaper rates.
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When there are gains to be had by both countries that are party to an exchange, international trade is considered a(n) ________.
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positive-sum game
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When a country is not able to produce a good more efficiently than other nations, but produces the good more efficiently than it does any other good, it is said to have a(n) ________.
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comparative advantage
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The theory of comparative advantage was proposed by ________.
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David Ricardo
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To complete his business bookkeeping work each month, a business owner spends about 20 hours and in the process, has to give up $900 in income. If he hired a bookkeeper to do the work, the job would be completed in 15 hours and would cost him $600. Should the owner hire the bookkeeper or continue to do the work himself?
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He should hire the bookkeeper because the bookkeeper has an absolute advantage in completing the books.
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Country A produces a ton of coffee using one unit of resources. Country B produces two tons of coffee using one unit of resources. Which of the following is true regarding Country A and Country B?
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Country B has an absolute advantage in producing coffee.
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According to the theory of ________, trade is beneficial even if one country is less efficient in the production of two goods, as long as it is less inefficient in the production of one of the goods.
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comparative advantage
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the assumptions of the absolute and comparative advantage theories?
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The theories assume labor to be the only resource used in the production process.
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Which of the following is an assumption made by the comparative advantage theory?
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maximization of production and consumption
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Both absolute and comparative advantage theories assume that ________ is the only resource used in the production process.
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labor
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The ________ theory states that countries produce and export goods that require resources available in abundance and import goods that require resources in short supply.
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factor proportions
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The focus of factor proportions theory is on the ________.
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productivity of the production process
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Factor proportions theory was developed by ________.
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Heckscher and Ohlin
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Factor proportions theory differs from the theory of comparative advantage in that the focus of factor proportions theory is on the ________.
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usage of the most abundant factors of production, while the focus of the comparative advantage theory is on the productivity of the production process
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The Leontief paradox describes evidence ________.
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contrary to the predictions of the factor proportions theory
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The international product life cycle theory was developed by ________.
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Raymond Vernon
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The international product life cycle theory was put forth for ________.
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manufactured goods
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The ________ theory states that a country's export eventually becomes its import.
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international product life cycle
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During which of the following stages of the international product life cycle theory does high purchasing power and buyer demand in an industrialized nation encourage a company to design and introduce a product concept?
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new product stage
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During which stage of the international product life cycle theory does demand rise and remain sustained for a fairly lengthy period of time?
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maturing product stage
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During which stage of the product life cycle are companies looking for low-cost production bases in developing nations to supply a growing worldwide market?
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standardized product stage
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In the ________ of the international product life cycle, competition from other companies selling similar products pressures companies to lower prices in order to maintain sales levels.
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standardized product stage
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A product's components are manufactured in a country that can produce them at a very low cost while maintaining its quality. These components are then assembled in another country where productivity in assembly is high. This process resembles the theory of ________.
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comparative advantage
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Much production in the world today closely resembles what is predicted by the ________.
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theory of comparative advantage
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Which of the following is an argument offered by the new trade theory?
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There are gains to be made from specialization and increasing economies of scale.
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The new trade theory is mainly at odds with the ________ theory.
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factor proportions
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National competitive advantage theory states that a nation's competitiveness in an industry depends on ________.
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the capacity of the industry to innovate and upgrade
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According to the Porter diamond, which of the following is an example of an advanced factor?
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technological infrastructure in the nation
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Which element of national competitive advantage theory divides resources into two groups: basic and advanced?
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factor conditions
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Scenario: Chuck Praeger, Global Entrepreneur Chuck Praeger has made a name for himself by selling high-quality golf equipment to customers in Europe. He would like to expand his business into the Pacific Rim countries and has therefore, begun making inquiries into potential distributors. Chuck is convinced that his golf equipment will sell itself. But he is preparing a special presentation for Asian customers because he wants to make a good first impression. As an expert in culture of the Pacific Rim countries, which of the following would be your most likely advice to Chuck?
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Aggressive salesmanship is unlikely to work in Pacific Rim countries.
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Scenario: Chuck Praeger, Global Entrepreneur Chuck Praeger has made a name for himself by selling high-quality golf equipment to customers in Europe. He would like to expand his business into the Pacific Rim countries and has therefore, begun making inquiries into potential distributors. Chuck believes that his business has grown because of his personal involvement in every step of the way. What advice do you offer Chuck as he continues to expand his business in new Asian markets?
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Use proper intermediaries as required in Pacific Rim nations.
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Scenario: Foodland and Drinkland Two countries, Foodland and Drinkland, produce food and drinks. In Foodland, one resource unit produces 20 tons of food and one resource unit produces 10 tons of drinks. In Drinkland, one resource unit produces 12 tons of food and one resource unit produces 24 tons of drinks. Food Drinks Foodland 20 10 Drinkland 12 24 Based on the above scenario, which of the following statements is true?
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Foodland has an absolute advantage in producing food.
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Scenario: Foodland and Drinkland Two countries, Foodland and Drinkland, produce food and drinks. In Foodland, one resource unit produces 20 tons of food and one resource unit produces 10 tons of drinks. In Drinkland, one resource unit produces 12 tons of food and one resource unit produces 24 tons of drinks. Food Drinks Foodland 20 10 Drinkland 12 24 Which of the following statements is true of the above scenario?
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Drinkland has an absolute advantage in producing drinks.
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Scenario: Foodland and Drinkland Two countries, Foodland and Drinkland, produce food and drinks. In Foodland, one resource unit produces 20 tons of food and one resource unit produces 10 tons of drinks. In Drinkland, one resource unit produces 12 tons of food and one resource unit produces 24 tons of drinks. Food Drinks Foodland 20 10 Drinkland 12 24 If these two countries were to gain from trading with each other, this would support the notion that trade is a ________.
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positive-sum game
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Scenario: Foodland and Drinkland Two countries, Foodland and Drinkland, produce food and drinks. In Foodland, one resource unit produces 20 tons of food and one resource unit produces 10 tons of drinks. In Drinkland, one resource unit produces 12 tons of food and one resource unit produces 24 tons of drinks. Food Drinks Foodland 20 10 Drinkland 12 24 A third country, Funland, also produces food and drinks. In Funland, one resource unit produces 8 tons of food and 6 tons of drinks. Which of the following is true about Funland, Foodland, and Drinkland?
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Funland has a comparative advantage in producing food.
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Scenario: Better Mousetrap Inc. Better Mousetrap Inc. is a manufacturing company that sells pest control products. Recently the company launched an innovative mousetrap with a unique design that has been selling well in the U.S. market. Senior Vice President Marc Wallace, even recommended expanding sales overseas in order to increase company revenues. Wallace's executive team reviews the stages of the international product life cycle to understand better what to expect when the product is sold overseas. Since there is virtually no export market for the product at present, the product is most likely in which of the following stages of the international product life cycle?
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new product stage
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Scenario: Better Mousetrap Inc. Better Mousetrap Inc. is a manufacturing company that sells pest control products. Recently the company launched an innovative mousetrap with a unique design that has been selling well in the U.S. market. Senior Vice President Marc Wallace, even recommended expanding sales overseas in order to increase company revenues. Wallace expects that markets abroad will soon become fully aware of the existence of the product and its benefits. Which of the following life cycle stages will the product be a part of during that period? Eventually, Wallace expects that domestic production of the mousetrap will cease altogether. This would happen in the ________ stage of the product life cycle.
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maturing product stage
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Scenario: Better Mousetrap Inc. Better Mousetrap Inc. is a manufacturing company that sells pest control products. Recently the company launched an innovative mousetrap with a unique design that has been selling well in the U.S. market. Senior Vice President Marc Wallace, even recommended expanding sales overseas in order to increase company revenues. Eventually, Wallace expects that domestic production of the mousetrap will cease altogether. This would happen in the ________ stage of the product life cycle.
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standardized product
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Scenario: Conquering International Fulfillment Jack Damon, a Boston-based entrepreneur, is determined not to make the same mistakes that hindered his former employer's business expansions. Jack knows that to increase his international sales, he must make some changes in how his orders are filled. Jack has always handled product returns on a case-by-case basis, but he is often unprepared to deal with too many cases of returns. Which of the following would most likely help Jack increase his repeat business?
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planning for returns and giving prompt credits to customers
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Scenario: Conquering International Fulfillment Jack Damon, a Boston-based entrepreneur, is determined not to make the same mistakes that hindered his former employer's business expansions. Jack knows that to increase his international sales, he must make some changes in how his orders are filled. In reviewing his fulfillment process, Jack realizes that different customers opt for different types of shipping based on their preferences. Which of the following would most likely help Jack provide better shipping service to his customers?
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offer customers a choice of delivery methods with different speeds and costs
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The pattern of imports and exports that occurs in the absence of trade barriers is called ________.
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free trade
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Which of the following is a political motive behind a government's intervention in trade?
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gaining influence over other nations
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Which of the following is true of government interventions in a country's trade practices?
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Government interventions help companies take advantage of economies of scale and be the first movers in their industries.
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Which of the following industries is typically protected for national security reasons?
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agriculture
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Which of the following is prompting farmers in many developed nations to discover new ways to manage risk and increase agricultural efficiency?
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exposure of agribusiness to market forces
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Which of the following do products designated as dual use require before exports can take place?
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special government approval
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Which of the following is an example of a dual use product?
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a GPS navigation device
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Which of the following best describes the infant industry argument?
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It states that a country's emerging industries need protection from international competition during their development until they become sufficiently competitive.
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________ refers to the unwanted cultural influence in a nation that can cause great distress and lead governments to block imports it believes to be harmful.
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Cultural imperialism
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According to the ________ argument, as an industry grows and matures, it gains the knowledge it needs to become more innovative, efficient, and competitive.
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infant industry
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Which of the following is true regarding the protection of infant industries from international competition?
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It is difficult for governments to identify the industries worth protecting.
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Which of the following is a result of the protection of domestic companies from international competition?
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Companies become more reliant on protection.
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Which of the following is the main cultural motive behind government intervention in trade?
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protection of national identity
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Which of the following statements is true about cultural influences?
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Unwanted cultural influence in a nation can cause governments to block imports that it believes are harmful.
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Which of the following countries is seen as a threat to national cultures around the world?
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United States
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Which of the following is an instrument that governments use to promote trade?
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export financing
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A designated geographic region in which merchandise is allowed to pass with lower customs duties and/or fewer custom procedures is called a(n) ________.
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foreign trade zone
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Which of the following is a method of restricting trade?
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local content requirements
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Which of the following statements is true of export financing?
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Governments may promote exports by offering loan guarantees.
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Which of the following financial companies in the United States is involved in activities of selling of goods abroad, and offers insurance on foreign accounts receivable?
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Export-Import Bank
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Which of the following statements is true of foreign trade zone?
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International companies can store goods in these zones without incurring taxes, before shipping them to other countries.
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A common purpose of many companies' facilities in foreign trade zones is ________.
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final product assembly
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Government trade promotion agencies ________.
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advertise in other countries to promote the nation's exports
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Which of the following will add to the cost of an imported product by levying an additional tax upon it?
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tariffs
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A tariff levied by the government of a country that is selling goods abroad is called a(n) ________.
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export tariff
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Which of the following statements is true of tariffs?
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Export tariffs are used by countries when they believe an export's price is lower than it should be.
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A tariff levied by the government of a country that a product is passing through on its way to a final destination is called a ________ tariff.
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transit
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The most common tariffs used today are the ________ tariffs.
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import
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A(n) ________ tariff is levied as a percentage of the stated price of an imported product.
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ad valorem
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A(n) ________ tariff is levied as a particular fee for each unit of an imported product.
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specific
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A(n) ________ tariff is levied on an imported product and calculated partly as a percentage of its stated price and partly as a specific fee for each unit.
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compound
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What of the following statements is true of tariffs?
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They protect domestic producers.
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Using tariffs to generate government revenue is most common among ________.
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developing countries
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A restriction on the amount of a good that can enter or leave a country during a certain period of time is called a(n) ________.
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quota
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Which of the following is true of quotas?
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They help domestic producers maintain their market shares and prices.
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A country imposes a tariff on goods that it sells abroad at the request of another nation. This is an example of a(n) ________.
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voluntary export restraint
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Countries might impose a(n) ________ in response to the threat of an import quota or total ban on a product by an importing nation.
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voluntary export restraint
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A lower tariff rate for a certain quantity of imports and a higher rate for quantities that exceed the quota is called a(n) ________.
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tariff-quota
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Tariff-quotas are used extensively in the trade of ________.
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agricultural products
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Rice imports to a nation under a quota limit of 8,500 tons are charged a tariff of 15 percent. Imports of rice above the quota limit are charged a tariff of 60 percent. This is an example of a(n) ________.
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tariff-quota
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Country A implements a ban on trade in two products with Country B. This is an example of a(n) ________.
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embargo
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A(n) ________ is the most restrictive nontariff trade barrier and is typically applied to accomplish political goals.
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Embargo
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Which of the following statements is true of embargoes?
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An embargo may be placed on one or a few goods or may completely ban trade in all goods.
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The purpose of ________ is to force companies from other nations to use local resources in their production processes, particularly labor.
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local content requirements
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Which of the following statements is true of local content requirements? A) It is a strategy mainly used by developed nations.
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It forces companies from other countries to employ local resources in their production processes.
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Regulatory controls or bureaucratic rules designed to impair the rapid flow of imports into a country are called ________.
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administrative delays
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Purposely understaffing customs offices to cause time delays, requiring special licenses that take a long time to obtain, and requiring air carriers to land at inconvenient airports are all examples of ________.
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Administrative delays
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Restrictions on the convertibility of a currency into other currencies are referred to as ________.
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currency controls
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The ________ altered the U.S. trade policy from a stance of free trade to one of protectionism in the 1930s.
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Smoot-Hawley Act
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When a company exports a product at a price that is lower than the price normally charged in its domestic market or lower than the cost of production, it is said to be ________.
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dumping
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In which of the following ways did the Uruguay Round of Negotiations modify the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) treaty?
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It helped standardize intellectual property rules around the world.
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The Uruguay Round of Negotiations created the TRIPS Agreement to ________.
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help standardize the intellectual property rules around the world
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One of the main goals of the World Trade Organization is to ________.
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settle trade disputes among its members
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A requirement that all WTO members extend the same favorable terms of trade to all members that they extend to any single member is called ________.
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normal trade relations
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A country that believes an imported product is being sold in its market for a price lower than the cost of production for the product may impose a(n) ________ in retaliation.
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antidumping duty
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An additional tariff placed on an imported product that a nation believes is receiving an unfair subsidy is called a(n) ________.
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countervailing duty
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Scenario: Not-So-Free Freeland Freeland is a semi-closed economy whose government believes in protecting national identity and building a self-sustained economy. The government's priority is to protect local jobs and provide opportunities to Freeland's emerging industries to flourish without the threat of external competition. Which of the following motives is least likely attributed to Freeland's restriction on free trade?
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social motives
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Scenario: Not-So-Free Freeland Freeland is a semi-closed economy whose government believes in protecting national identity and building a self-sustained economy. The government's priority is to protect local jobs and provide opportunities to Freeland's emerging industries to flourish without the threat of external competition. Freeland's protection of its national identity is an example of a(n) ________.
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cultural motive
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Scenario: Not-So-Free Freeland Freeland is a semi-closed economy whose government believes in protecting national identity and building a self-sustained economy. The government's priority is to protect local jobs and provide opportunities to Freeland's emerging industries to flourish without the threat of external competition. Which of the following motives illustrates Freeland's efforts to protect local jobs?
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political motive
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Scenario: Not-So-Free Freeland Freeland is a semi-closed economy whose government believes in protecting national identity and building a self-sustained economy. The government's priority is to protect local jobs and provide opportunities to Freeland's emerging industries to flourish without the threat of external competition. Freeland's efforts to provide opportunities to its emerging industries is an example of its ________.
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economic motive
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Scenario: Not-So-Free Freeland Freeland is a semi-closed economy whose government believes in protecting national identity and building a self-sustained economy. The government's priority is to protect local jobs and provide opportunities to Freeland's emerging industries to flourish without the threat of external competition. The belief that Freeland's emerging industries need protection from international competition during their development phase is an example of ________.
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the infant industry argument
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Scenario: Konesia Joins the World Konesia, a former totalitarian economy and pariah state, is taking steps toward a free market economy. The government wants to encourage trade but also wants to find a balance so that local businesses and industries are not harmed. Which of the following would be Konesia's least appropriate method to restrict unwanted trade?
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reduce tariffs
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Scenario: Konesia Joins the World Konesia, a former totalitarian economy and pariah state, is taking steps toward a free market economy. The government wants to encourage trade but also wants to find a balance so that local businesses and industries are not harmed. If Konesia chooses to levy tariffs as a percentage of the stated price of an imported product, this would be an example of a(n) ________.
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ad valorem tariff
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Scenario: Konesia Joins the World Konesia, a former totalitarian economy and pariah state, is taking steps toward a free market economy. The government wants to encourage trade but also wants to find a balance so that local businesses and industries are not harmed. Which of the following is the most likely reason for Konesia's government to impose an import quota?
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to maintain market shares and prices of domestic producers
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Scenario: Konesia Joins the World Konesia, a former totalitarian economy and pariah state, is taking steps toward a free market economy. The government wants to encourage trade but also wants to find a balance so that local businesses and industries are not harmed. Konesia has created a hybrid form of trade restriction-a lower tariff rate for a certain quantity of imports and a higher rate for quantities that exceed the quota. This is an example of a(n)
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tariff-quota
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Scenario: Excelsior's Limited Excelsior's Limited, a manufacturer of health and beauty aids, is expanding its presence in several countries around the world. Excelsior's president is surprised at some of the responses the company is receiving from other countries. Excelsior's Limited tried to sell its product in Canada, but was told that at least forty percent of the product must be manufactured in Canada. This is an example of a(n) ________.
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local content requirement
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Scenario: Excelsior's Limited Excelsior's Limited, a manufacturer of health and beauty aids, is expanding its presence in several countries around the world. Excelsior's president is surprised at some of the responses the company is receiving from other countries. When Excelsior's Limited tried to convert its earnings from one country, the government stipulated that the company had to exchange its currency at a very unfavorable rate. This is an example of a(n) ________.
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currency control
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Scenario: Excelsior's Limited Excelsior's Limited, a manufacturer of health and beauty aids, is expanding its presence in several countries around the world. Excelsior's president is surprised at some of the responses the company is receiving from other countries. France gave Excelsior's Limited permission to export its product as long as the company obtained a special license first. Excelsior has been waiting six months for the license and is wondering if it will ever arrive. Excelsior's Limited is experiencing a(n) ________.
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administrative delay
