Intelligence and Social Psychology – Flashcards
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Mental Age vs. Achievement
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(MA) Accumulated months of credit that a person earns on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale vs performance: completion, picture arrangement, etc.
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Aptitude
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A natural ability or talent.
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Intelligence Quotient
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IQ= Mental Age (MA) ÷ Chronological Age (CA) x 100
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Emotional Intelligence
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Down Syndrome
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A condition caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair and characterized by mental deficiency abroad face and slanting eyes.
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy
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A belief that leads up to its own fulfillment.
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G Factor
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Spearman's symbol for general intelligence, which he believed underlay more specific abilities.
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S Factor
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Spearman's symbol for specific factors, or S factors, which he believed accounted for individual abilities.
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Factor Analysis
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A statistical technique that allows researchers to determine the relationships among a large number of items such as test items.
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Primary Mental Abilities
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According to Thurstone, the basic abilities that make up intelligence.
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Creativity
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The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.
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Convergent Thinking
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A thought process that narrows in on the single best solution to a problem.
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Divergent Thinking
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A thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems.
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Cultural Bias
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A factor that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds, such as using test items that are based on middle class culture in the U.S.
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Heritability
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The degree to which variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.
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Cumulative Deprivation
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Hypothesis
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A specific statement about behavior or mental processes that's tested through research.
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Reification
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Reaction Range
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Heritability Ratio
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Phenylketonuria
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Flynn Effect
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Hydrocephaly
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Mental Retardation
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Howard Gardner's Theory
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Sir Francis Galton
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wrote a book called "Hereditary Genius," examined how exceptional intelligence and cognitive disability run in families, coined phrase "Nature vs Nurture," created procedure for factor analysis, believed in eugenics (selective inbreeding of individuals to increase overall intelligence in humans), believed sensitivity to high pitched sounds and reaction time would be good predictors of I.Q and invented concepts of percentile ranks and correlation.
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Charles Spearman
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Created concept of the g factor to underlie general intelligence.
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Alfred Binet
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Created 1st intelligence test for adults, given task of creating an assessment to identify children in need of additional educational services in Paris 1904 and created the formula to compute ratio I.Q by dividing mental age over chronological age and multiplying by 100.
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L.L. Thurstone
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Focused research on intelligence on statistical deviation and other psychometric variables.
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Lewis Terman
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Spread the idea that the U.S. should use I.Q tests as a method for testing school children and revised the Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale, modified Binet's exam at Stanford University and conducted a longitudinal study on the gifted to see how their lives would differ from others in the population.
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David Wechsler
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Changed the focus of intelligence testing away from sensory tasks to abstract reasoning skills and developed the concept of mental age, associated with the following I.Q. test (WISC, WAIS) added a performance scale to address non-verbal reasoning skills to I.Q. and created a test for intelligence that measured intelligence without complete dependence on verbal ability.
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Robert Sternberg
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Created triarchic theories for both intelligence. What are the 3 components of each theory?
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Daniel Goleman
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Theodore Simon
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Collaborated with Alfred Binet in the creation of assessments for French school children.
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Raymond Cattell
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Created concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Which one of these decreases in old age?
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Howard Gardner
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Identified 8 different types of intelligence and believed individuals can improve in all of them.
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Crystallized Intelligence
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One's lifetime of intellectual achievement, as shown largely through vocabulary and knowledge of world affairs.
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Fluid Intelligence
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Mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.
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Confirmation Bias
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Look for info that supports your preconceptions, ignore info that contradicts.
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Hindsight Bias
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I knew it all along!
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Spotlight Effect
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Nobody else notices embarrassing things you do.
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Social Psychology
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Study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.
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Situationist Perspective
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Attitude
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Mental representation of a person, place, or thing that evokes an emotional response and related behavior.
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A-B Problem
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Issue of how well we can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes.
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Bystander Intervention
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Stereotype
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Fixed, conventional idea about a group.
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Foot in the Door
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2 step process in which a small request is followed by a larger request.
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Fear Appeal
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Type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing fear instead of rational analysis of the issues.
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Selective Avoidance
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Diverting one's attention from info that's inconsistent with one's attitudes.
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Selective Exposure
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Deliberately seeking and attending to info that's consistent with one's attitudes.
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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View that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent.
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Attitude-Discrepant Behavior
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Behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude.
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Effort Justification
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In cognitive dissonance theory, the tendency to seek justification (acceptable reasons) for strenuous efforts.
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Primacy Effect
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Tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items, or to evaluate others in terms of first impressions.
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Recency Effect
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Tendency to recall the last items in a series of items, or to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression.
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Attribution
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Belief concerning why people behave in a certain way.
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Dispositional Attribution
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Assumption that a person's behavior is determined by internal causes such as personal attitudes or goals.
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Situational Attribution
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Assumption that a person's behavior is determined by external circumstances such as the social pressure found in a situation.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Assumption that others act predominantly on the basis of their dispositions, even when there's evidence suggesting the importance of their situations.
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Actor-Observer Effect
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Tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.
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Self-Serving Bias
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Tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors.
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Consensus
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General agreement.
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Social Influence
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Area of social psychology that studies the ways in which people influence the thoughts, feelings and behavior of others.
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Conform
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To change one's attitude or overt behavior to adhere to social norms.
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Social Norms
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Explicit and implicit rules that reflect social expectations and influence the ways people behave in social situations.
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Social Facilitation
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Process by which a person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior.
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Evaluation Apprehension
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Concern that others are evaluating our behavior.
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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The spreading or sharing of responsibility for a decision or behavior within a group.
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Social Decision Schemes
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Rules for predicting the final outcome of group decision making on the basis of the members' initial position.
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Polarization
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Taking an extreme position or attitude on an issue.
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Risky Shift
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Tendency to make riskier decisions as a member of a group than as an individual acting independently.
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Groupthink
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Process in which group members are influenced by cohesiveness and a dynamic leader to ignore external realities as they make decisions.
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Deindividuation
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Process by which group members may discontinue self evaluation and adopt group norms and attitudes, loss of identity.
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Altruism
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Unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
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Environmental Psychology
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Studies the ways in which people and the environment influence each other.
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Personal Space
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Psychological boundary that surrounds a person and serves protective functions.
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Central Route Persuasion
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
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Reciprocity Norm
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Normative Social Influence
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Social Loafing
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Group Polarization
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Movement to more extreme positions.
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Prejudice
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Prejudge someone before you know them.
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Discrimination
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Scapegoat Theory
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Frustration Aggression Principle
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Social Script
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Mental tapes on how to act.
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Social Trap
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Pursue self interest, everyone loses.
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Superordinate Goals
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Mere Exposure Effect
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Kids will buy same brand name their parents bought.
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Milgram's Experiment
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Obedience; confederates being the learners, not teachers, found that a majority of participants would be willing to shock a complete stranger with high levels of electricity in response to the directions of an experimenter, demonstrated the strong tendency for individuals to obey authority, 65%reaching the highest level of shock and, presence of authority, reducing the amount of obedience.
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Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
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Role-playing; Shut down his experiment for 6 days because the participants were suffering and demonstrated the effect that a situation has on a person's behavior.
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Asch
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Demonstrated the tendency of individuals to conform to group pressures, conformity term yielding to group pressure when no direct request has been made, discovered that individuals would be willing to ignore their own beliefs in order to be accepted by a group, discovered that the amount of conformity decreased if the participants were allowed to submit their answers privately in writing instead of sharing them aloud with the group which showed that the participants did know the correct answer and discovered an individual is more likely to conform to a group norm if they are from a collectivist culture than someone from an individualist culture.
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Festinger
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Had participants engage in a boring knob turning experiment in which those who were paid the least expressed the most positive attitude and associated with research on cognitive dissonance.
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Jane Eliot Study
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Children and stereotyping, self fulfilling prophecies.
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Gifted
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Healthy, well-adjusted, successful.
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Low Ball
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Door in Face technique
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Content Validity
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Requires careful examination of the assessment, accurately measures what it claims to test and individuals doing evaluation are experts or members of the target population.
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Construct Validity
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Accurately measures a given hypothesis or theoretical idea, examples include personality traits such as intelligence, used when evaluating skills such as dancing and are ideas difficult to define operationally.
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Face Validity
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Appears on the surface to measure what it intends to measure and determined, as well as the decision made, by a non-expert, or an expert that gives a quick evaluation of the test.
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Predictive Validity
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Forecasts or anticipates success.
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Criterion Validity
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Scores on a particular assessment are positively correlated with scores on another preexisting and well-established assessment tool for a particular skill, trait, or ability.
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Split-Half Reliability
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Involves giving a test one time and compares the results of half of the test with results from the other half of the test to make sure of internal consistency.
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Test-Retest Reliability
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Same outcome is achieved on at least 2 occasions and comparing results when the same individuals take it twice with one major problem being the variable of practice effects.
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Alternate Form Reliability (Equivalent Forms Reliability)
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Different versions of an instrument result in the same or a similar result, comparing results of 2 different but equivalent versions of a test given to the same subjects and if a strong positive correlation is found between the scores on the 2 versions it's alternate forms reliable (Version A vs B) and eliminates the variable of practice effects.
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Inter-Rater Reliability
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Same assessment given to multiple individuals achieves the same results, comparing scores given by 2 different examiners of the same participants and involves examiners giving the same participants the same score, determining if subjective data collected through observation is consistent regardless of who is recording behavior of participants.
