Info Ethics 2
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Spam
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Unsolicited, bulk, commercial email that is increasing b/c: commerce finds it effective, it is 100 times less expensive than a traditional flyer sent via the U.S. mail, and there are people who respond to spam advertisements
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PC bangs
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Korean cybercafés where people play online persistent games
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Wiki
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A Web site that allows multiple people to contribute and edit its content
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Blog
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A personal journal kept on the Web
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Web 2.0
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Trend of using the web to build communities and upload/share content they have created
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Direct Cencorship
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Examples: Government monopolization, pre-publication review, and licensing and registration
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Principle of Harm
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(John Stuart Mill) -the only ground on which the government should intervene in the conduct of an individual is when it would prevent harm to others
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Freedom of Expression
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Not absolute right in U.S.
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Web filter
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a piece of software that prevents certain Web pages from being displayed by your browser
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Communications Decency Act
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Not upheld as constitutional
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Child Online Protection Act
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Not upheld as constitutional
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Child Internet Protection Act
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Was upheld as constitutional
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Sexting
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sending text messages with nude or nearly nude photographs or sending emails with nude or nearly nude photographs -caused legal crisis b/c being charged as felony
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Identity Theft
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10 mill. American victims
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Cyberbullying
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inflicting psychological harm on another person using the phone system and/or the Internet
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Kimberly Young
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created test for internet addiction based on diagnosis of pathological gambling
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Enlightenment view of addiction
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people are responsible for the choices they make
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John Locke
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2nd treatise of gov, argued people have natural right to property
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Intellectual property
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unique product of the human intellect that has commercial value, value recognized by in constitution, free market, legislation, court decisions
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Trademark
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example: Kleenex, a company's logo
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Copyright
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-does not include right to prevent others from producing competitive works
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Copyright Act
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has repeatedly increased the number of years of copyright protection, has made more kinds of intellectual property protected under copyright, and has attempted to reconcile American copyright law with European copyright law
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Fair Use
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Circumstances when it is legal to reproduce a copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright holder
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Audio Home Recording Act of 1992
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-protects the right of consumers to make backup copies of CDs -requires manufacturers of digital audio records to incorporate the Serial Copyright Management System -requires manufacturers of digital audio recording devices - requires blank digital media to pay a royalty to songwriters and music publishers
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Time shifting
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concept that was established by the U.S. Supreme Court in a decision it handed down in the case known as Sony v. Universal City Studios
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Space shifting
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concept established in RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia systems
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Google books
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an effort to scan millions of books and make all their words searchable
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Rootkit
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device Sony included on CDs that was secretly installed on Windows computers
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Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
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-Sued Napster and caused them to go off-line -sued 261 individuals for distributing copyrighted music
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Digital Millennium Copyright Act
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-extends the length of time that a piece of intellectual property is protected by copyright -it makes it illegal for consumers to circumvent encryption placed on digital media -it extends copyright protection to music broadcast over the Internet -it increases penalties for on-line service providers whose customers are misusing copyrighted materials
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FairPlay
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Apple's digital rights management system that prevents songs from being played on more than five computers, songs from being copied onto CDs more than seven times, and music purchased from the iTunes Store from playing on non-Apple MP3 players
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BitTorrent
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-takes advantage of the fact that broadband Internet connections provide higher speeds for downloading than for uploading - allows different pieces of a file to be downloaded simultaneously from different computers
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Apple Computer v. Franklin Computer Corp.
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established that object programs can be copyrighted
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Linux
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open-source software
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3rd Ammendment
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has nothing to do with freedom of speech and religion, search warrants, the right to bear arms, or self-incrimination
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warren and brandeis
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wrote an influential paper in the 1890s urging that privacy rights be enacted into law
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Judith Jarvis Thomson
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wrote that every violation of a \"privacy right\" is also a violation of another right
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Prudential Right
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right that benefits society
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Public Record
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-contains information about an incident or action reported to a government agency for the purpose of informing the public -include birth certs, marriage licenses, deeds, criminal records
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RFID tag
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wireless transmitter, give more info about product and are easier to scan
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Flash cookies
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controversial, in part, because they are not controlled by the privacy controls of most Web browsers
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Data mining
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process of searching through many records in one or more databases in order to find patterns or relationships among data
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Secondary use of the data
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When information is put to another purpose
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Opt-in
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policy that requires the consumer to explicitly give permission before an organization can share information with another organization
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Targeted direct mail
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mailing advertisements only to the most likely prospects
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taxonomy of privacy
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categories are information collection, dissemination, processing, and invasion
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Employee Polygraph Protection Act,
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private employers cannot administer lie detector tests to job applicants
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Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
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requires online services to obtain parental consent before collecting any information from children 12 years old and younger
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Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
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prohibits most employers from taking genetic information into account when making hiring, firing, promotion, or other employment-related decisions
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Census Bureau
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After Pearl Harbor revealed that it did not keep information confidential
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National Crime Information Center database
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stores over 39 million records supports all levels of law-enforcement agencies in U.S., Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Canada
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OneDOJ
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will give state and local police officers access to information provided by five federal law enforcement agencies
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4th Ammendment
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has to do with search warrants
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Operation Shamrock
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originally was to intercept telegraphs entering and leaving U.S.
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authorization for governmental wiretapping
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supported by laws: Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, and the USA PATRIOT Act
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National Security Agency (NSA)
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After 9/11, collected telephone call records without court order
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Guardian leaked records
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recordings of conversations were not released by Verizon to NSA
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Code of Fair Information Practices
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Does not include: there must be a way for a person to collect damages for financial losses caused by incorrect information about that person stored in a data record-keeping system
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Fair Credit Reporting Act
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designed to promote the accuracy of credit reports, credit companies can keep negative info for 7 years except with bankruptcy or criminal convictions
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Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
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gives consumers the right to request a free copy of their credit report every year
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Financial Services Modernization Act
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-allows banks to offer insurance and stock brokerage services -requires banks to disclose their privacy policies to consumers -requires banks to inform consumers how they can \"opt out\" of having their confidential information released to other companies -requires banks to develop policies that will prevent unauthorized access of customers confidential information
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Family Education Rights and Privacy Act
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-gives students 18 years of age and older the right to review their educational records -to request corrections to errors in their educational records -to prevent educational records from being released without their permission
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Video Privacy Protection Act
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prohibits video stores from disclosing rental records without the written consent of the customer
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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attempts to limit the exchange of information among health care providers to that information necessary to care for the patient
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Dictionary Attack
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Trying to create a list of valid email addresses by sending email to randomly generated addresses and seeing which ones are delivered
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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Every object on the World Wide Web has a unique address
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Crowdsourcing
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An online method to get information or ideas from a large group of people
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Internet of Things
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Internet-connected devices that can be controlled remotely
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Saudi Arabian internet access
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filtered through control center which blocks (filters out) porn, gambling, and sites offensive to Islam
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18th century
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colonists could publish without a license
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1st Ammendment
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freedom of speech & of the press
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Kant & Mill
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responsibility for excessive Internet use lies with the individual user
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Trade secret
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intellectual property like the Coke formula
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peer-to-peer
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network that allows computers running the same networking program to connect with each other and access files stored on each other‟s hard drives
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clean room
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software development strategy helps ensure a company‟s software program does not duplicate any code in another company‟s product
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Lawrence Lessig
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created Creative Commons license to retain copyright while allowing some uses of intellectual property
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national credit bureau system
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makes it possible to get a credit card from a store which you have never done business with
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Privacy Act of 1974
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applies only to government databases
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Nardone v. United States
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ruled that evidence obtained by federal agents from warrantless wiretaps was inadmissible in court
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Freedom of Information Act
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a federal law signed in 1966 that is designed to ensure that citizens have access to records of the U.S. government
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Do Not Call Registry
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To protect citizens from interruptions by telemarketers
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CALM Act
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requires that television commercials be played at the same volume as the programs they are interrupting
