INFO 210 Ch. 6 – Flashcards
85 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 85question
transactional and analytical
answer
The two primary types of information:
Unlock the answer
question
transactional information
answer
Encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support daily operational tasks.
Unlock the answer
question
analytical information
answer
Encompasses all organizational information and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks.
Unlock the answer
question
timeliness
answer
An aspect of information that depends on the situation.
Unlock the answer
question
real-time information
answer
Immediate, up-to-date information.
Unlock the answer
question
real-time system
answer
Provides real-time information in response to requests.
Unlock the answer
question
real-time information
answer
Important for making faster and more effective decisions, keeping smaller inventories, and help companies operate more efficiently.
Unlock the answer
question
continual change
answer
One of the biggest pitfalls associated with real-time information.
Unlock the answer
question
data inconsistency
answer
Occurs when the same data element has different values.
Unlock the answer
question
data integrity issues
answer
Occur when a system produces incorrect, inconsistent, or duplicate data.
Unlock the answer
question
accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, and uniqueness
answer
The five characteristics common to high-quality information:
Unlock the answer
question
completeness
answer
If the customer's first name is missing, there is an invalid area code, or the street address contains only a number and not a street name, it would affect ___________.
Unlock the answer
question
consistency
answer
Similar street address and phone numbers may create duplicate data which affects __________.
Unlock the answer
question
accuracy
answer
If a customer's phone and fax numbers are the same or the phone number is listed under email, this would affect __________.
Unlock the answer
question
make a bad decision faster
answer
You never should use technology to ________________________.
Unlock the answer
question
customers initially enter inaccurate information, different systems have different formats, use of abbreviations, or errors in third-party and external information
answer
Reasons for low-quality information:
Unlock the answer
question
Inability to accurately track customers, identify most valuable customers, identify selling opportunities, and build strong customer relationships; lost revenue opportunities from marketing to nonexistent customers; cost of sending nondeliverable email; difficulty tracking revenue because of inaccurate invoices.
answer
Serious business consequences that occur due to using low-quality information to make decisions:
Unlock the answer
question
database
answer
Maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).
Unlock the answer
question
database management system (DBMS)
answer
Creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security.
Unlock the answer
question
database management system (DBMS)
answer
Used to answer questions such as how many customers purchased Product A in December or what were the average sales by region.
Unlock the answer
question
query-by-example (QBE) and structured query language (SQL)
answer
Two primary tools available for retrieving information from a DBMS:
Unlock the answer
question
query-by-example (QBE)
answer
A tool that helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database.
Unlock the answer
question
structured query language (SQL)
answer
Asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database.
Unlock the answer
question
Managers
answer
___________ typically interact with QBE tools.
Unlock the answer
question
MIS professionals
answer
___________ have the skills required to code SQL.
Unlock the answer
question
database management systems (DBMSs)
answer
MySQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, and Fox Pro are examples of ___________.
Unlock the answer
question
data models
answer
Logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures.
Unlock the answer
question
data element
answer
The smallest or basic unit of information.
Unlock the answer
question
metadata
answer
Provides details about the data.
Unlock the answer
question
customer's name, address, email, discount rate, preferred shipping method, product name, quantity ordered, etc.
answer
Data elements include:
Unlock the answer
question
data dictionary
answer
Compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model.
Unlock the answer
question
hierarchical, network, and the relational database (the most prevalent)
answer
DBMS use these three primary data models for organizing information:
Unlock the answer
question
relational database model
answer
Stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.
Unlock the answer
question
relational database management system
answer
Allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a relational database.
Unlock the answer
question
entity (also referred to as a table)
answer
Stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event.
Unlock the answer
question
attributes (also called columns or fields)
answer
Data elements associated with an entity.
Unlock the answer
question
record
answer
Collection of related data elements.
Unlock the answer
question
record
answer
Each ________ occupies on row in its respective table.
Unlock the answer
question
primary keys and foreign keys
answer
Used to create logical relationships within the relational database model.
Unlock the answer
question
primary key
answer
A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table.
Unlock the answer
question
foreign key
answer
A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables.
Unlock the answer
question
Increases flexibility, quality, security, scalability and performance; Reduces redundancy
answer
Advantages of using relational databases over a text document or spreadsheet:
Unlock the answer
question
data redundancy
answer
The duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places.
Unlock the answer
question
saves disk space, makes performing information updates easier, and improves information quality information
answer
Benefits from reducing data redundancy:
Unlock the answer
question
information integrity
answer
A measure of the quality of information.
Unlock the answer
question
integrity constraints
answer
Rules that help ensure the quality of information.
Unlock the answer
question
relational and business critical
answer
Two types of integrity constraints:
Unlock the answer
question
relational integrity constraints
answer
Rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints, rules that enforce basic and fundamental information constraints. (Ex. Would not allow an employee to make an order for a non-existent customer.)
Unlock the answer
question
business critical integrity constraints
answer
Enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.
Unlock the answer
question
accuracy
answer
Organizations that establish specific procedures for developing integrity constraints typically see an increase in __________.
Unlock the answer
question
inconsistency
answer
One of the primary problems with redundant information is ____________.
Unlock the answer
question
data warehouse
answer
a logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.
Unlock the answer
question
data warehouse
answer
Primary purpose is to combine information, more specifically, strategic information, throughout an organization into a single repository in such a way that the people who need that information can make decisions and undertake business analysis.
Unlock the answer
question
data mart
answer
Contains a subset of data warehouse information.
Unlock the answer
question
extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)
answer
A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms it using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads it into a data warehouse.
Unlock the answer
question
information cleansing (or scrubbing)
answer
A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information.
Unlock the answer
question
accurate and consistent
answer
Scrubbed information is _________ and _________.
Unlock the answer
question
data quality audits
answer
Determine the accuracy and completeness of its data.
Unlock the answer
question
data mining
answer
The process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone.
Unlock the answer
question
data-mining techniques
answer
Companies use _____________ to compile a complete picture of their operations, all within a single view, allowing them to identify trends and improve forecasts.
Unlock the answer
question
data-mining tools
answer
A variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information and infer rules from them that predict future behavior and guide decision making.
Unlock the answer
question
data mining
answer
Enables companies to determine the impact on sales, customer satisfaction, and corporate profits and to drill down into summary information to view detail transactional data.
Unlock the answer
question
structured data
answer
Data already in a database or spreadsheet.
Unlock the answer
question
unstructured data
answer
Data that do not exist in a fixed location and can include text documents, PDFs, voice messages, emails, etc.
Unlock the answer
question
text mining
answer
Analyzes unstructured data to find trends and patterns in words and sentences.
Unlock the answer
question
web mining
answer
Analyzes unstructured data associated with websites to identify consumer behavior and website navigation.
Unlock the answer
question
cluster analysis, association detection, and statistical analysis
answer
Three common forms for mining structured and unstructured data:
Unlock the answer
question
cluster analysis
answer
A technique used to divide an information set into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible.
Unlock the answer
question
cluster analysis
answer
This type of analysis has the ability to uncover naturally occurring patterns in information.
Unlock the answer
question
cluster analysis
answer
A great example of using _______________ in business is to create target-marketing strategies based on zip codes.
Unlock the answer
question
association detection
answer
Reveals the relationship between variables along with nature and frequency of the relationships.
Unlock the answer
question
association detection
answer
Create rules to determine the likelihood of events occurring together at a particular time or following each other in a logical progression; percentages are used to reflect the patterns of the event.
Unlock the answer
question
association detection
answer
"55 percent of the time, events A and B occurred together" is an example under which data mining form?
Unlock the answer
question
market basket analysis
answer
Analyzes such items as Web sites and checkout scanner information to detect customers' buying behavior and predict future behavior by identifying affinities among customers' choices of products and services.
Unlock the answer
question
statistical analysis
answer
Performs such functions as information correlations, distributions, calculations, and variance analysis.
Unlock the answer
question
forecasting
answer
_________ is a common form of statistical analysis.
Unlock the answer
question
time-series information
answer
time-stamped information collected at a particular frequency.
Unlock the answer
question
forecasts
answer
Predictions based on time-series information.
Unlock the answer
question
time-series information
answer
Web visits per hour, sales per month, and calls per day are all examples of ______________.
Unlock the answer
question
consider all sorts of variables
answer
Forecasting models allow organizations to ______________________ when making decisions.
Unlock the answer
question
reliable, consistent, understandable, and easily manipulated
answer
Business Intelligence enables data that is:
Unlock the answer
