question

An important factor in the rapid development of industry in the United States during the last half of the 19c was

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the availability of capital for investment purposes.

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n its approach to union organization, the Knights of Labor officially

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welcomed both skilled and unskilled workers

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A long-range influence of Samuel Gompers on the American labor movement was his advocacy of

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non-involvement in party politics

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The "Gospel of Wealth," as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should

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use their resources to help society

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One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it

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represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business.

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J. P. Morgan monitored his competition by placing officers of his bank on the board of companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n)

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interlocking directorate

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The first "big business" in America, at least in terms of finance, labor relations, and management, was

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the railroad industry

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The Supreme Court in the United States v. Knight Company

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diminished the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by ruling that manufacturing was not interstate commerce

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Why did the proportion of women working in clerical jobs increase in the late 19c and early 20c?

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because many women had taken typing and shorthand courses in school, employers did not have to invest much in training them.

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The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 had in common the fact that they

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were greatly strengthened by the Supreme Court in the years after they were passed

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Which type of governmental assistance was most helpful to labor during the period 1876-1914?

answer

state legislation

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Labor unions were ruled not to be illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were honorable and peaceful in the Supreme Court case of

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Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

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The 1880s movement for the eight-hour working day is usually associated with which labor organizations

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the Knights of Labor

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"Yellow dog" contracts were contracts

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in which workers promised not to strike or join a union

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A major reason for the low wages of unskilled workers throughout the late 19c was that

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management was able to draw on cheap labor on a global scale.

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In the 19c, railroads formed pools in order to

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fix prices and divide business for greater profit

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A closed shop requires workers to

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join a union to secure a job.

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The Haymarket bombing of May 4, 1886, was important to the labor movement because it

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aroused public opposition against labor, contributed to the decline of the Knights of Labor, and caused an increase in the membership of the AFL

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Why was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act an improvement over the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

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labor unions and farm organizations were no longer considered as monopolies in restraint of trade.

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In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, the United States Supreme Court did what?

answer

affirmed the power of the federal government over commerce.

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By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in

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a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few

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Many employers cut wages in the late 19c by

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hiring women and children

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President Grover Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman strike by

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intervening on the side of management.

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In the West, the immigrants who bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s were

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Chinese

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Labor relations at the end of the 19c were

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characterized by violence and thousands of strikes.

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The ideas of Social Darwinism allowed men of wealth, like Carnegie and Rockefeller, to

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justify the economic inequality that favored them over the nation's poor

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Think competition. Think America (USA). 1776-was the wealth of nations. Prices are determined by supply and demand. WHAT IS PRODUCED? = Consumers decide what is produced. HOW TO PRODUCE IT? = The owner decides how to produce it. FOR WHOM? = Consumers with money.

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Capitalism

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Government does not intervene/interfere with business.

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Laissez-faire

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Business person who became wealthy through dishonest methods. They cheated, lied, and wanted to ELIMINATE COMPETITION.

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Robber Baron

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Company that has sole control of an industry. Controls all or nearly all the business of an industry to ELIMINATE COMPETITION. You can increase prices and decrease the quality.

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Monopoly

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The leader of the oil industry. First, he used horizontal intergration then, switched to vertical intergration because it was a better process.

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John D. Rockefeller

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The leader of the steel industry, He used vertical intergration.

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Andrew Carnegie

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When someone (ex. a leader) controls all the phases (steps) of production.

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Vertical Integration

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A business owned by investors that sells stock to investors.

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Corporation

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Shares in the business. Gives ownership in a corporation.

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Stock

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stock-holders

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Investors

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An amazing banker who became wealthy by using his banking profits to gain control of major corporations. He ended up at the US Steel Company leader in 1901.

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JP Morgan

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A group of corporations run by a single board of directors.

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Trust

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A process that enabled steel makers to produce strong steel, but at a low cost.

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Bessemer Process

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What product did the bessemer process help make possible?

answer

It made it possible to invent elevators, skyscrapers and most importantly suspension bridges using steel from iron which was lighter and more flexible. It ultimately contributed to the rapid expansion of the steel industry leading to rapid expansion of other industries. This also created steam boats.

question

what is social darwinism?

answer

It was the idea of American Capitalism or Natural Selection. It said that wealth was a measure of one's inherit value and those who had more wealth were more "fit" for society.

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how are social darwinism and laissez-faire related?

answer

social darwinism and laissez-faire are related because immigrants are coming in and the government is not doing anything about it. laisse-faire with health regulations etc. social darwinism comes in and survival of the fittest comes in within industry. if you weren't to succeed then you did succeed. if you were not you will not. and thhe immigrants if they werre ment tto suucceed after froming into the united states than theey will.

question

what caused the homestead strike?

answer

when andrew carnegie's partner, Henry Frick tried to break a labor contract with his workers at carnegie steel by cutting wages, the union called a strike.

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what was the significance of the homestead strike?

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-many people associated with the strikers -the strikers ultimately gave in -carnegie steel remained non-unionized until the mid 1930's

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describe factory conditions in the mid 1800's for a typical worker

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the conditions were horrible. 8 to 12 hour work days. smokey and bad breathing air. dangerous. tired/exhausting children worked in the factories. very minimal pay.

question

why did frederick winslow taylor conduct "time and motion studies" in the 1880's?

answer

he wanted to improve efficiency in a factory. he wanted to introduce people doing simple jobs instead of doing the entire project for efficiency. this was the idea of mass production. he conducted experiments in order to prove that mass production was more effective than individual made products. Maximize workers and effect and also this is to maximize money. in a factory the quality is lower and the work environment becomes more unsafe.

question

What type of monopoly did andrew carnegie create? explain

answer

andrew carnegie created a steel monopoly by buying all of the other steel industries

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what type of monopoly did john d. rockefeller create? explain

answer

he created an oil monopoly by buying all of the other oil industries

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what does Captain of Industry mean?

answer

term used to describe a business leader who's means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way. they were business leaders who served the nation positively

question

how did the federal government justify its actions in the pullman strike?

answer

railroad owners were able to use the sherman anti-trust act against the unions. this stated that strikes were not allowed to occur if they interfered with the government. This specific strike interfered with the mail delivery and the mail is part of the government.

question

what industries were involved in the pullman and homestead strikes?

answer

-the industry involved in the pullman strike was the railroad industry (sleeping cars company) (alot of a.a.) • the govt backed up the industry -the industry involved in the homestead strike was the steel industry (under carnegiee) • the govt backed up the industry

question

what is socialism?

answer

A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. the idea that the company would not be controlled by just one person.

question

what were some of the major problems facing children working in factories?

answer

they were getting very sick from diseases they are constantly tired between work and school they are very weak and unhealthy because of poor pay and bad conditions • this was the guy who wrote about the coal mines and wrote about the children working, getting injured and giving birth in the factory.

question

how did the knights of labor differ from the american federation of labor?

answer

the knights of labor was devoted to broad social reform such as replacing capitalism with workers cooperative and the american federation of labor focused on very specific workers issues such as wages, working hours and members could be hired.

question

what was that impact of the haymarket affair?

answer

-to the unionists, the anarchists are heroes -to the employers the anarchists were vicious criminals -the public image of the union suffered

question

what is a consumer?

answer

people who buy a product or a service that is sold by a company

question

what is a producer?

answer

a business that makes a product or service for sale

question

what is an industry?

answer

a group of companies that make a similar product or service

question

who are the knights of labor?

answer

allows women, african americans, skilled, unskilled and immigrants -they aimed for getting social reforms

question

who are the american federation of labor?

answer

they only allow skilled workers who are white and male -they aimed for specific reforms such as hours, wages etc.

question

the inventor of morse code (the telegraph) this created communication from very far distances (before the telephone) could talk between England and the united states

answer

Samuel Morse

question

who is alexander grahem bell?

answer

the inventor of the telephone

question

Horizontal Integration

answer

- absorption into a single firm of several firms - all are involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

question

Vertical Integration

answer

- absorption into a single firm of several firms - all are involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

question

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

answer

- federal law that committed American government to opposing monopolies - prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade - wanted to create a fairer competition in the workforce - limit any take-overs of departments of merchandise.

question

Gospel of Wealth

answer

- belief that those entrusted with society's riches had to prove themselves morally responsible - give money to charities and to those who are less fortunate - started by Carnegie

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

- union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way - provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong. - led by Samuel Gompers

question

- leader of the American Railway Union - he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike - was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

answer

Eugene V. Debs

question

A mass producer of cars that used scientific management.

answer

Henry Ford

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An agreement between owner and workers.

answer

Collective Bargaining

question

Leader of the Knights of Labor who hated monopoly and tyranny of money.

answer

Terence Powderly

question

A government agency that oversees/ regulates union activities.

answer

National Labor Relations Board

question

Lockout

answer

Where managers don't let their workers work and replaces them with replacement workers.

question

Replacement workers of initial workers after owners don't let the initial players play.

answer

Strike breakers

question

A factory that completely owns a town and everyone who lives in the town, works in that factory.

answer

Company town

question

Person who created sleeping cars.

answer

George Pullman

question

One of the most powerful and ruthless railroad owners from New York State.

answer

Cornelius Vanderbilt

question

New York Central Railroad

answer

The railroad that Vanderbilt decided to buy but it refused so Vanderbilt banned anyone to ride it and the railroad later gave it to Vanderbilt.

question

Discounts

answer

Rebates

question

Cyrus Field

answer

The person who thought of the idea of the telegraph.

question

Gustavus Swift

answer

The man who invented refrigeration.

question

Christopher Sholes

answer

The man who perfected the type writer.

question

George Eastman

answer

The man who introduced the kodak camera.

question

Sweat shops

answer

Workplaces where people work longer in rough conditions for low pay.

question

A major woman in the labor movement

answer

Mary Harris Jones

question

Creator of the air brake.

answer

George Westinghouse

question

Creator of the safety razor with throwaway blades.

answer

King Gillette

question

Wagner Act

answer

A law that didn't allow owners to fire their workers for joining unions and guaranteed collective bargaining.

question

young woman who worked in the textile mills. all the business that were built such as textile mills mostly employed young woman

answer

lowell mill girls

question

type of cloth or woven fabric, clothes were made in mills by the young women some textiles were even mass produced

answer

textile

question

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery

answer

mass production

question

used to keep track of transportation to set time schedules

answer

standard time zones

question

buildings in the company towns where the immigrants live

answer

tenements

question

women killed while locked in the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

answer

triangle shirtwaist factory

question

1892 strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie steel

answer

homestead strike

question

Chicago railroad strike that paralyzed railway traffic nationwide

answer

pullman strike

question

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred

answer

haymarket riot

question

detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes

answer

pinkertons

question

old immigrants came prepared with saved money and were skilled or educated but new immigrants came poor and unskilled

answer

old immigrants vs new immigrants

question

the belief that native born whites were superior to newcomers

answer

nativism

question

people blend together to create one culture

answer

melting pot

question

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

answer

ellis island

question

Immigration processing station in the San Francisco Bay for Asian immigrants

answer

angel island

question

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

answer

push factors

question

a factor that draws or attracts people to another location

answer

pull factors

question

A large open area beneath a ship's deck, often used to house traveling immigrants

answer

steerage

question

Chinese exclusion act

answer

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate

question

how did railroads affect american industries?

answer

transport large amounts of goods quckily and cheap. easier to obtain raw materials and sell goods to a lot more people ,generate mass production in a spiral of growth

question

raildroads affect on americans

answer

how people traveled and where they lived

question

how did electricity affect americans?

answer

it was a way to get affordable light for homes, central power plants could light whole cities

question

how did electricity affect industries?

answer

provided light within factories allowing them to make longer work days

question

the invention of the telegraph which would help business leaders and officals to communicate with each other; and also the rail road which would take mail across the whole country to be delivered

answer

communications revolution

question

how did industrialization affect the lives of workers?

answer

workers lived in company towns which meant a shorter commute to work,forced to buy goods from the worker store,worked long hours with little pay

question

factory life 19th century

answer

mostly made up of immigrants work long 12hr days 6 days a week,worked in sweatshops small hot dirty and dark,mainly woman worked there mass producing items and they were fined is any rules were broken. it was dangerous accidents were common people lost their hearing

question

how did business change during the industrial revolution?

answer

before civil war most businesses small and family owned, after civil war, corporations dominated

question

triangle shirt waist factory incident

answer

they want government intervention for safety rule,government expectations and new legislation laws deadliest workplace accident fire broke out

question

economic opportunity and religious freedom,a legal and medical inspection would be conducted at ellis island

answer

why immigrants come to u.s

question

why were Americans more hostile to asians

answer

Because they were racists against asian they were more open to european immigrants because they look more like them

question

challenges immigrants faced adjusting to american life

answer

prejudice in finding jobs, crowded cities, language barriers

question

how did immigrants affect american culture in a positive way?

answer

economic and socially because they were often offered patronage jobs , economic because they provided cheap unskilled labor for factories social because the country became more diverse

question

Closed shop vs open shop

answer

Closed shop only hired union workers open shops hired anybody

question

Why did labor unions fail?

answer

Because they were often halted and people thought they were bad because they were going about getting their rights in the wrong way halting industries .

question

A way of settling disputes by calling in an impartial third party whose decision is final and binding on both parties

answer

Arbitration

question

Blacklist

answer

List of names of union members, circulated among employers, to prevent those on the list from obtaining jobs

question

Boycott

answer

To combine in abstaining from, or preventing dealings with, as a means of intimidation or coercion

question

Company Store

answer

A store on company property that charges the workers higher prices for basic goods

question

Organization of workers who perform skilled or semi-skilled labor. Ex: Electricians and carpenters

answer

Craft Union

question

Organization of workers who perform unskilled labor. Ex: Manufacturing

answer

Industrial Union

question

Court order forbidding unions to engage in certain activities defined as punishable

answer

Injunction

question

Lockout

answer

Employer denying employment to workers during a labor dispute to force union to settle on employer's terms

question

Picketing

answer

Carrying of signs by employees either on strike to inform public and other employees of dispute or information picketing to bring pressure to bear on employer for settlement

question

Destroying company property to slow or shut down the workplace

answer

Sabotage

question

Scab

answer

Person who continues to work or who accepts employment while workers are on strike, thereby weakening or breaking the strike

question

Scrip

answer

Paying worker wages in fake money that can only be used at the company store

question

Strike

answer

Withdrawal of workers' labor in concert with other bargaining unit members to force the employer to improve wages, hours and conditions of employment

question

Union Shop

answer

Plant in which every worker covered by the contract must become a member of a union

question

Yellow Dog Contract

answer

Agreement by which a worker promises not to join a union if hired and which he must sign before employment is granted

question

Graft

answer

Illegal use of political power for personal gain

question

Kickback

answer

Money gained by a political machine by overcharging the government and pocketing the difference

question

Naturalization

answer

Full citizenship attained by an immigrant

question

Economic and political system based on government control of business and property, along with equal distribution of wealth.

answer

Socialism

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