INC1 – Flashcard
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reproducible result
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different researchers following the published methods finding the same results
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conclusion
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the summary of the results of an experiment or set of experiments
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hypothesis
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a scientific idea undergoing testing
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observations
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a collection of measurements, notes, images, etc. to describe a phenomenon
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theory
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a synthesis of information and well-tested hypotheses
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mathematics
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used to determine the distance to nearby stars using parallax
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chemistry
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determining which elements are in a meteroite
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mathematics 2
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using spectral lines to determine a star's composition
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biology
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assessing the impact of a meteor on an ecosystem
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chemistry 2
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testing a prediction of the theory of relativity
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ohms
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used to measure resistance to an electrical current
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liters
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volume of air that can be inhaled in a single breath
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millivolts
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potential difference across a nerve synapse
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joules
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work done pushing a refrigerator across a room
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micrometers
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diameter of lung alveoli
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what is the mechanical advantage of a lever?
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a small input force applied to one end of the lever produces a larger output force at the opposite end of the lever
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physics
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the study of electricity and electrical circuits
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earth sciences
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the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography
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chemistry
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the study of the interactions between compounds and molecules
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biology
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the study of living organisms
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physics 2
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the study of force, energy, heat, sound, light, and subatomic energies
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astronomy
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the study of stars and planets
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which two statements illustrate the impact of a natural science discovery on another discipline?
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advancements in fossil dating methods have provided important evidence for physicists studying the big bang theory - and - a better understanding of the physical properties of sound has allowed for developments in liquid crystal displays.
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why must an earth scientist understand chemistry?
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chemical processes occur during the formation of sedimentary rocks - and - chemical reactions cause weathering of rocks, minerals, and mountain ranges
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which statement is a requirement of scientific inquiry?
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hypotheses must be original, and results must be falsifiable
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what makes a systems approach valid for scientific study?
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it enables scientists to take into account the various parts of a system when making predictions about system behavior
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what is the difference between a law and a theory?
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a law is widely accepted by the scientific community, while a theory may be disputed
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Aristotle believed that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones based on his observations. How did new modes of thinking change his hypothesis?
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Galileo experimented with differently sized objects of the same material, noting that they all fall at the same rate
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how does the big bang theory serve as a unifying theme in cosmology?
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it accounts for the beginning of both time and space in the universe
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which action produces a decrease in both the electrical force and the gravitational force between two charged objects?
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increasing the distance between the two objects - and - decreasing the electrical charge and the mass of both objects
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which statement describes the primary thermonuclear reaction that occurs within the sun?
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a certain mass of hydrogen atoms is fused together within the sun every second to become a lesser mass of helium atoms, and the missing mass is released as radiant energy
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which two phenomena are the result of gravity between the moon and the earth?
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earth pulling the moon towards it - and - one side of the moon always facing earth
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why did the discovery of the cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of 7.35cm help to support the big bang theory of the universe?
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the wavelength matches the predicted value for the current temperature of the universe - and - the radiation is coming from all directions with no specific source
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is near the final stage of evolution
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white dwarf
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begins to have carbon build-up in the core
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protostar
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burns hydrogen as its primary fuel
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main-sequence star
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is no longer undergoing fusion
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white dwarf
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burns helium as its primary fuel
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red giant
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which type of star will the sun become
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red giant
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which statement describes the process of thermonuclear fusion in a helium-burning star
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two helium nuclei are separated to form four hydrogen nuclei, releasing light energy
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microwaves
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frequency lower than that of visible light
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ultraviolet
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frequency higher than that of visible light
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radio waves
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frequency lower than that of visible light
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x-rays
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frequency higher than that of visible light
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infrared
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frequency lower than that of visible light
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gamma rays
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frequency higher than that of visible light
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at what speed do all the electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum
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at the speed of light, c=3.0x10"8 m/s
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how does light act as a wave
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it interferes with itself, resulting in a diffraction pattern - and - it exhibits a double-slit interference pattern
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which sequences contain the correct arrangement of objects, increasing in distance from the sun?
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(my very eager mother just sent us nine pizzas) Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, asteroid belt
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has rotation axis that is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular of its orbital plane
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Uranus
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has a very strong magnetic field that produces the highest radiation levels ever measured in the solar system
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Jupiter
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is composed of primarily rock and nitrogen ice
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Pluto
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has the lowest density of any planet
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Saturn
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is the most massive planet
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Jupiter
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constellation
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can be seen with the unaided eye
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pulsar
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Radio telescope
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Rilles on the moon's surface
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Rayleigh telescope
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quasar
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Radio telescope
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meteor shower
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can be seen with the unaided eye
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ultraviolet
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useful in killing bacteria and sanitizing instruments
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x-rays
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used to identify broken bones
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microwaves
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useful in cooking and heating food
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radio waves
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used to transmit AM and FM radio stations
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gamma rays
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used in medicine for cancer treatment
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metamorphic rocks
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contain minerals from igneous or sedimentary rocks, can be foliated, and can be porphyritic
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granite
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coarse-grained and plutonic
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silicate
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four oxygen joined to one silicon atom in a tetrahedron
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marble
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large interlocking crystals of calcite, nonfoliated and metamorphic
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diamond
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carbon arranged in a crystal lattice
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electricity
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it is induced by the flow of charged particles in the earth's liquid outer core, it is a flow of charged particles, it occurs when there is a difference in electrical potential
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magnetic
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it deflects moving charged particles, it forms concentric rings around a current-carrying wire
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how is table salt bonded together
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chlorine and sodium fill their outermost energy shells by donating or gaining electrons, electrons in salt are transferred to form cations and anions
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how do water molecules react to freezing
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they move slightly away from each other, they move in a more orderly arrangement, they decrease in translational energy
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earth's core
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composed primarily of nickel and iron, cannot be penetrated by S-waves
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earth's mantle
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contains iron-rich silicate rock, and contains Mohorovicic discontinuity
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effects of Earth's Hadley cells
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regions of high rainfall in the tropics, clear skies in the subtropical desert, trade winds
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how is tectonic movement producing the Himalayan mountain ranges
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a lithospheric plate is colliding with another lithospheric plate of similar buoyancy, causing upward motion, or a continental plate is colliding with another continental plate, causing upward motion
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kinetic energy
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propagation of sound, driving in a straight line at a constant speed
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chemical
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random molecular motion, energy stored in glucose
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gravitational potential energy
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energy increased as an object is raised to a greater height
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what is the law of conservation of energy
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energy cannot be created or destroyed
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how is energy transferred by radio waves
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electrons emitted by the transmitting station are picked up by the radio receiver where they are converted to sound
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sound waves
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vibrations of electromagnetic fields, vibrations of a material medium
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light waves
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results from accelerating electrons, exhibits refraction
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both light waves and sound waves
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can reflect from rough surfaces
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examples of Newton's third law of motion
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a cannon recoils after shooting a cannonball, a rocket expels exhaust gases with the same force with which the gases propel the rocket
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describe the role of solar energy
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plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis, solar energy warms air at the equator which rises and spreads towards the poles, circulating in large convection currents
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what effect does acid rain have on a marble building
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dissolves the marble
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list two effects of glaciers on earth's surface
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enhance soil creep on steep slopes, transport sediment and deposit it as moraines
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two gases most abundant in Earth's atmosphere
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nitrogen and oxygen
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atmospheric conditions experience by someone on the ground after a cold front passes
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air is pushed up abruptly as the front approaches and descends after the passage of the front, air temperature increases and then decreases after the passage of the front
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radioactive tracer
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diagnose diseases, study engine wear in automobiles, locate leaks in faulty pipe system
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radioactive treatment
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provide radiation cancer therapy, determine fertilizer absorption in plants
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satellite remote sensing
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assisting search and rescue operations, mapping the earth's surface, assessing flood damage
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seismometers
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measuring earthquake magnitude
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hygrometer
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inferring the structure of the earth's interior
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relationship between abiotic and biotic components or a forest ecosystem
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precipitation causing weathering of rocks
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how does nitrogen move between abiotic and biotic components of an environment
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detritivores convert dead organic matter into ammonium, animals receive nitrates from the soil by ingesting plants, plants convert organic nitrogen to soil nitrate
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seasonal temperature variation on organism living in temperate forest
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deciduous tree sheds its leaves in the fall
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bunny rabbit lethal virus example
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process of natural selection, and genetic drift
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parasitic relationships
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tapeworms in people and fleas living on a dog
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removal of rabbits
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reduction in energy into the third trophic level
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removal of trees
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energy input to the first trophic level drops dramatically
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removal of foxes
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no drop in the 1st or 2nd trophic levels
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removal of owls
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no drop in the 1st or 2nd trophic levels
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removal of grass
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energy input to the first trophic level drops dramatically
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majority of energy cow receives from eating grass
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growth and reproduction, maintenance, and feces
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resource defining filter-feeding whale's niche
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school of tuna
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plants
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mosses, multicellular terrestrial photosynthetic autotrophs
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animals
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sponges, multicellular heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by ingestion, spiders, multicellular heterotrophs with an exoskeleton
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protists
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giardia, a single celled heterotroph that causes severe gastric distress in its host
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fungi
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yeast, single-celled hetertroph used in baking
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cladistic taxonomy
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A system of classification based on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms, rather than purely on shared features. Many modern taxonomists prefer cladistics to the traditional hierarchies of Linnean classification systems.
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linnaean taxonomy
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Relating to the system of taxonomic classification and binomial nomenclature originated by Carolus Linnaeus. In the Linnean system, organisms are grouped according to shared characteristics into a hierarchical series of fixed categories ranging from subspecies at the bottom to kingdom at the top.
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fishes
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some possess cartilaginous skeletons
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plants
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xylem and phloem transport nutrients
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fungi
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form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, are autotrophs
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birds
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have hollow bones and are endothermic
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mammals
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endothermic and give birth to live young
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why does primary succession take longer to reach climax community than secondary succession
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soil is not immediately available in a primary succession environment and must accumulate over time
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why does an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause Earth's temperature to increase
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it results in more intense ultraviolet radiation
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in which group do all atoms have seven valence electrons in the ground state
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halogens
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which parts of an atomic nucleus experience both repulsion due to the electrical force and attraction due to the strong nuclear force?
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protons
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the element carbon has three isotopes that are commonly found in nature: 12C 13C 14C
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a 12C atom contains 12 valence electrons, a sugar molecule containing only 13C for its carbon backbone is digested no differently from a sugar molecule containing only 12C for its carbon backbone
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solution
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A mixture in which particles of one or more substances (the solute) are distributed uniformly throughout another substance (the solvent), so that the mixture is homogeneous at the molecular or ionic level. The particles in a solution are smaller than those in either a colloid or a suspension.
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heterogeneous mixture
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contains substances that are not evenly distributed
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TGCCAG
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ACGGTC
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which role does energy play in the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen
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energy is released to the environment
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prokaryotic cells
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may possess pili
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eukaryotic cells
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possess a nucleus, can be unicellular or multicellular
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both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
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have a cell membrane, contain chromosomal DNA
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active transport
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carrier proteins using energy transport large organic molecules across the membrane (movement of molecules across the cell membrane by a carrier protein that requires energy input)
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facilitated diffusion
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carrier proteins passively transport large or polar molecules across the membrane (movement of molecules across the cell membrane by a carrier protein without energy input)
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endocytosis
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an invagination of the cell membrane brings bacteria into the cell (a process in which materials are moved into a cell through the pinching off of a vesicle from the cell membrane
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diffusion
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there is movement of oxygen molecules across a membrane from areas of high to low concentration (the random movement of molecules resulting in the transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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exocytosis
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a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases hormones outside the cell (a process in which materials are moved out of a cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane
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which two statements describe both photosynthesis and respiration
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oxygen is a product of photosynthesis but is consumed during respiration, photosynthesis is carried out by chloroplasts and respiration is carried out by mitochondria
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which two statements are true of mitosis and not meiosis
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it produces homologous chromosomes, it produces somatic cells
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how does the sequence change create genetic variation
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a point mutation causes amino acid changes in proteins
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which two statements correctly define Mendel's law of segregation
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pairs of alleles on different chromosomes separate individually during gamete formation, more than one allele determines the appearance of a single trait
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which statement describes how cells, tissues, and organs of the circulatory system provide cells with oxygen
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red blood cells found in blood pick up oxygen from lungs, returning to the heart to be pumped to body cells through arteries
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why do many radiation therapy patients have low red blood cell counts
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bone marrow cells divide slowly and accumulate the effects of the radiation
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recombinant DNA technology
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pedigree construction, engineering microorganisms to extract heavy metals, synthetic insulin production
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DNA fingerprinting
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matching evidence to a suspect, determination of paternity
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scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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the surface of a yeast nucleus, a thin section of a plant mitochondrion, the contours of an inset's exoskeleton (An electron microscope that moves a narrowly focused beam of electrons across an object and detects the patterns made by the electrons scattered by the object and the electrons knocked loose from the object. From these patterns a three-dimensional image of the object is created)
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transmission electron microscope
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a virus coated with gold, an isolated bacterial cell membrane stained with heavy metal (an electron microscope that transmits a beam through a specimen, detecting its electrons and forming a highly magnified image on a screen)
