IED FINAL EXAM REVIEW 2016 – Flashcards
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Design Brief
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A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution
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Brainstorm
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A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion
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Center Line
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A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts
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Isometric
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A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection
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Leader Line
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Line which indicates dimensions of arcs, circles and detail
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Dimension
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A measurable extent, such as the three principal dimensions of an object is width, height, and depth
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Extension Line
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Line which represents where a dimension starts and stops
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Perspective Sketch
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A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye
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Oblique Sketch
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A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle
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Engineering Notebook
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An engineering notebook is a book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project.
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Width
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The measurement associated with an object's side-to-side dimension
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Depth
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The measurement associated with an object's front-to-back dimension or extent of something from side to side
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Height
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The measurement associated with an object's top-to-bottom dimension
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Section Lines
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Thin lines used in a section view to indicate where the cutting plane line has cut through material
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Solid
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A three-dimensional body or geometric figure
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Prototype
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A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments
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Design Process
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A systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to winnow (narrow) down the possible solutions to one final choice
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Hidden Line
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A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible
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Object Line
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A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object
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Orthographic Projection
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A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth. Also referred to as Right Angle Projection
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Measurement
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The process of using dimensions, quantity, or capacity by comparison with a standard in order to mark off, apportion, lay out, or establish dimensions
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Line Conventions
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Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style
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Documentation
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1. The documents that are required for something or that give evidence or proof of something. 2. Drawings or printed information that contain instructions for assembling, installing, operating, and servicing
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Accuracy
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The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value
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Dial Caliper
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A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure diameter or thickness
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Class Interval
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A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data
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Convert
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To change money, stocks, or units in which a quantity is expressed into others of a different kind
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Dimension Lines
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A line which represents distance
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Graph
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A diagram showing the relation between variable quantities, typically of two variables measured along a pair of lines at right angles
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Histogram
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A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data
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International System of Units (SI)
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An international system of units of measurement consisting of seven base units
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Mean
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A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list
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Mode
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The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set
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Numeric Constraint
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A number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location of a geometric figure
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Precision
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The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result
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Scale
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1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals and used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used in developing accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models of design ideas
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Scatter Plot
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A graph in the coordinate plane representing a set of bivariate data
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Standard Deviation
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The distance of a value in a population (or sample) from the mean value of the population (or sample)
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Numeric Constraint
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A number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location of a geometric figure
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Median
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A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values
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Annotate
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To add explanatory notes to a drawing
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Assembly
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A group of machined or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit
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Assembly Drawing
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A drawing that shows parts of an item when assembled
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Cartesian Coordinate System
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A rectangular coordinate system created by three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes, commonly labeled X, Y, and Z
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Degree of Freedom
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The variables by which an object can move. In assemblies, an object floating free in space with no constraints to another object can be moved along three axes of translation and around three axes of rotation. Such a body is said to have six degrees of freedom
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Design Statement
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A part of a design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which the solution must be executed
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Geometric Constraint
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Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity
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Mathematical Modeling
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The process of choosing and using appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze empirical situations, to understand them better, and to improve decisions
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Mock-up
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A model or replica of a machine or structure for instructional or experimental purposes. Also referred to as an Appearance Model
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Model
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A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller than the original
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Marketing
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The promotion and selling of products or services
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Range
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The set of output values of a function
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Physical Model
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A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models
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Pattern
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A repeated decorative design
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Revolution
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Creating a 3D solid or surface by revolving a 2D shape about an axis
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Subassembly
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An assembled part that is a part of a larger assembly
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Translation
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Motion in which all particles of a body move with the same velocity along parallel paths
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Rotation
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Turning around an axis or center point
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Area
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The number of square units required to cover a surface
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Density
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The measure of mass density is a measure of mass per volume
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Mass
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The amount of matter in an object or the quantity of the inertia of the object
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Surface Area
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The squared dimensions of the exterior surface
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Volume
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The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by an object or enclosed within a container
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Reverse Engineering
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The process of taking something apart and analyzing its workings in detail
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Value
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The lightness or darkness of a color in relation to a scale ranging from white to black
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Unity
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The state of being united or forming a whole
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Texture
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The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric
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Symmetry
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The correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts on opposite sides of a median line or about a central axis. Also referred to as formal balance
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Space
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1. The dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. 2. A free or unoccupied area or expanse
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Shape
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The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area, in contrast to three-dimensional form
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Rhythm
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A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions
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Radial Symmetry
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Symmetry about a central axis
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Proportion
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1. The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. 2. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure
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Pattern
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A repeated decorative design
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Harmony
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1. The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. 2. Agreement or concord
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Form
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1. Having the three dimensions of length, width, and depth. Also referred to as a solid. 2. The organization, placement, or relationship of basic elements, as volumes or voids in a sculpture, so as to produce a coherent image
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Emphasis
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Special importance, value, or prominence given to something
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Contrast
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The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered together
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Color
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The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light
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Balance
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A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are three types of visual balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial
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Asymmetry
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Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are not identical. Also referred to as informal balance
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Aesthetic
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1. Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. 2. Of pleasing appearance
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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
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A private, non-profit organization that coordinates the development and use of a voluntary consensus standards in the United States
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Allowance
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The tightest possible fit between two mating parts
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Auxiliary View
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A view that is used to show features that are located on an inclined surface in true size and shape
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Bilateral Tolerance
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A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension
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Blind Hole
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A hole that does not go completely through the workpiece
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Clearance Fit
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Limits the size of mating parts so that a clearance always results when mating parts are assembled
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Counterbore
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A cylindrical recess around a hole, usually to receive a bolt head or nut
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Countersink
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A conical-shaped recess around a hole, often used to receive a tapered screw
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Decision Matrix
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A tool used to compare design solutions against one another, using specific criteria
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Cutting Plane Line
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A line drawn on a view where a cut was made in order to define the location of the imaginary section plane
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Detail Drawing
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A dimensioned, working drawing of a single part. Also referred to as part drawing
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Detail View
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A view that is used to show a magnified view of features that are too small to adequately specify in another view
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Full Section
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A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that extends completely through an object
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Half Section
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A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that cuts through one-quarter of an object. A half section reveals half of the interior and half of the exterior
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Interference
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The amount of overlap that one part has with another when assembled
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Interference Fit
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Limits the size of mating parts so that an interference always results when mating parts are assembled
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International Organization for Standardization (IOS)
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This is a worldwide organization that creates engineering standards
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Least Material Condition (LMC)
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The smallest size limit of an external feature and the largest size limit of an internal feature
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Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
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The largest size limit of an external feature and the smallest size limit of an internal feature
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Market Research
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The activity of gathering information about consumers' needs and preferences
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Location Dimension
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A location dimension that defines the relationship of features of an object
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Size Dimension
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Placed directly on a feature to identify a specific size or may be connected to a feature in the form of a note
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Tolerance
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The acceptable amount of dimensional variation that will still allow an object to function correctly
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Transition fit
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Occurs when two mating parts can sometimes have a clearance fit and sometimes have an interference fit
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Unidirectional Dimension
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A dimensioning system which requires all numerals, figures, and notes to be lettered horizontally and to be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet
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Unilateral Tolerance
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A tolerance in which variation is permitted in only one direction from the specified dimension
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Working Drawings
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Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design
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Tap
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To cut internal threads
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Reference Dimension
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A dimension, usually without a tolerance, used for information purposes only. A reference is a repeat of a given dimension or established from other values shown on a drawing. Reference dimensions are enclosed in ( ) on the drawing
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Team Norms
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Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior
