IB Physics Paper 1 + 2
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Mass, time, volume, energy, distance, speed
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Scalar
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Velocity, displacement, acceleration, force, momentum, impulse, magnetic field strength, gravitational field strength, electric field strength
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Vector
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Over a period of time
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Average acceleration
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One instant
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Instantaneous acceleration
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An object at rest remains in rest and an object in motion remains in motion
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Newton's First Law
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When unbalanced forces act on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant (net) force
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Newton's Second Law
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For every action on one object, there is an equal and opposite reaction on another object
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Newton's Third Law
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The amount of matter in an object
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Mass Definiton
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the force of gravity acting on an object
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Weight Definition
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constant speed and constant radius
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Uniform Circular Motion
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Time taken for one complete cycle
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Period
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Towards the center
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Direction of net force
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Product of force and displacement in the direction of the force
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Work
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The rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred
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Power
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Energy of motion
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Kinetic Energy
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Potential energy that depends on the height of an object
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Gravitational Potential Energy
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Energy stored by something that can stretch or compress
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Elastic Potential Energy
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The energy contained in an object due to the random KE and PE of the molecules
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Internal Energy
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Energy stored in chemical bonds
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Chemical Potential Energy
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In an isolated system, the total amount of energy remains constant
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Conservation of Energy
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Product of an object's mass and velocity
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Linear Momentum
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Change in momentum
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Impulse
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A collision in which the total kinetic energy is conserved
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Elastic collision
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Law 1: All planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths with the Sun at one focus. Law 2: An imaginary line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals. Law 3: The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube of its average orbital radius.
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Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion
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Every particle in the Universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses and that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
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Ratio of potential difference applied across a piece of material to the current through the material
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Resistance
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Total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance
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Internal Energy
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A type of internal energy that depends on the speed of the molecules
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Internal Kinetic Energy
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Stored in the forces between the particles
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Internal Potential Energy
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Measure of the average random kinetic energy of all the particles of a system
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Temperature
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Transfer of energy between two substances by non-mechanical means - conduction, convection and radiation
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Thermal Energy (Heat)
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Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance
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Thermal Capacity
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Amount of energy required per unit mass to raise the temperature of a substance
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Specific Heat Capacity
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Determining the specific heat capacity of a substance
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Calorimetry
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Amount of energy per unit mass required to change phase of a substance at constant temperature and pressure
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Specific Latent Heat
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Force per unit area acting on a surface
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Pressure
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The mass of one mole of a substance
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Molar Mass
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A gas that follows the ideal gas equation
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Ideal Gas
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At low pressures and high temperatures
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Real gases only behave like ideal gases
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The thermal energy transferred to a system from its surroundings is equal to the work done by the system plus the change in internal energy of the system (conservation of energy)
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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Isobaric (constant pressure) Isochoric (constant volume) Isothermal (constant temperature) Adiabatic (occurs without the transfer of thermal energy)
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Four Common Thermal Processes
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Thermal energy cannot spontaneously transfer from a region of low temperature to a region of high temperature 1. Overall entropy of the universe is increasing 2. Natural processes increase the entropy of the universe
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Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
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A system that expresses the degree of disorder in the system
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Entropy
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Positive or Negative. Rate of flow of electric charge
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Electric Charge
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Lack of electrons
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Positive Object
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Materials in which electric charges move freely
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Conductors
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Materials in which electric charges do not move freely
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Insulators
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Materials with electrical properties between those of conductors and insulators
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Semiconductors
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Materials in which electrical charges move without resistance
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Superconductors
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Electric force between charged objects depends on the distance between the objects and the magnitude of the charges.
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Coulomb's Law
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A field of force surrounding a charged particle
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Electric Field
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Electric force exerted per unit charge on a small positive test charge
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Electric Field Strength
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Work done per unit charge
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Electric Potential (V)
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A surface on which the electric potential is the same everywhere
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Equipotential Surface
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Energy gained by an electron moving through a potential difference of one volt
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Electronvolt
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Ratio of potential difference applied across a piece of material to the current through the materical
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Resistance
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A short fat cold wire is the best conductor. A long hot skinny wire has the most resistance
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For a wire conductor:
