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What Caused World War I?

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Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and entangling alliances. USA remained neutral but then ended up abandoning its long tradition of staying out of European conflicts. Europe was sitting on a powder leg of nationalism, regional tensions, economic rivalries, imperial ambitions, and militarism.

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Nationalism

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Devotion to one's nations and pride in one's ethnic group. Kick started the international and domestic tension. Europeans rejected the idea of a nation as a collection of different ethnic groups.. wanted people to believe that the nation expresses nationalism of a single ethnic group.

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Franco-Prussian War

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longed to avenge its humiliating defeat by a collection of German states and regained Alsace-Lorraine. Often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Alsace -Lorraine

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A territory it lost during the conflict. Alsace-Lorraine was the name given to the 5,067 square miles (13,123 square km) of territory that was ceded by France to Germany in 1871 after the Franco-Russian War. This territory was retroceded to France in 1919 after World War I. France lost and wanted revenge.

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Impact of Social Darwinism

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Did not help soothe the competitive instinct. Applied biologist Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest, to human society. Believed that the best nation would come out ahead in the constant competition among countries.

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Effect on empires

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Nationalism destabilized old multinational empires such as Austria- Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The Serbia emerged as an independent nation, it challenged the nearby empire of Austria- Hungary in two ways: trying to gain territory controlled by the empire, and the example it offered to Austria- Hungary's diverse people. Nationalism caused the Ottoman Empire to breakdown.

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Imperialism

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stronger nation takes over a weaker nation for economic and political power a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, ruled by an emperor. The economic answer to these problems was seen to lie in European nations carving up the world between themselves, particularly Africa. This imperialist expansion was the logical outcome of nationalism and protectionism in the face of economic crisis. The fact that it created as many problems as it solved can only be seen in hindsight.

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The idea that war was inevitable

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Leaders increased their size of army and amount of weapons. No nation readied its war machinery more than Germany. it and a huge standing army and the largest, deadliest collection of guns in the world. Also built up its navy enough to rival Britain's (the worlds strongest army at that time). To keep up, Britain also increased the size of its navy. Everyone started competing.

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Militarism

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the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. Glorification of the military, grew in the competing countries and fueled this race (imperialism) even more.

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alliances

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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined together in the Triple Alliance (Italy never fought with it). France, Russia, and Great Britain created the Triple Entente. They knew that if they did declare war, powerful alliances were obligated to fight along with them, didn't want to be seen as unreliable partner. Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

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Archduke Ferdinand

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entitled to throne of Austria-Hungary. His wife left to Sarajevo (capital of Austro-Hungarian), which they thought would be a frequent visit. His driver made a wrong turn, Gavrilo Princip, a conspirators, noticed Archduke and his wife in the car, pulled a pistol and shot it.

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Gavrilo Princip

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South Slav nationalism (believed Bosnia belonged to Serbia and saw Archduke as a cruel leader). Assassinated Archduke and his wife. He was a conspirator (someone who believes in conspiracy. Tries to express Serbian nationalism, others view it as terrorism. Refer as a nationalist on test

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Impact of alliances

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German emperor assure Austria-Hungary that Germany would stand by its ally if war came. Confident in Germany's support, Austria- Hungary sent a harsh ultimatum to Serbia demanding Serbia's total cooperation in an investigation into the assassination. Serbia did not agree, Austria- Hungary declared war. Russia mobilized for war to help its ally Serbia against Austria. Caused Germany to declare war against Germany. Germany than declared war against neutral Belgium ( so that it could launch an invasion of France through that small country). Great Britain (treaties with France and Belgium) declared war against Germany.

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mobilization

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the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Russian army

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Schlieffen Plan

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the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. Europe had effectively divided into two camps by this year - Germany, Austria and Italy (the Triple Alliance) on one side and Britain, France and Russia (the Triple Entente) on the other.

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Central Powers and the Allies

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Central Power of Germany and Austria-Hungary (later Ottoman Empire too) were at war against the Allied Powers of Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia.

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Impact of modern technology on WWI

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World War I is significant because it marked the debut of many new types of weapons and was the first major war to "benefit" from technological advances in radio, electrical power, and other technologies. made the war much more difficult for the infantry soldiers who did most of the fighting. The new technologies led to trench warfare and the lack of new tactics led to massive slaughter at the hands of the new technology.

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Role of machine guns

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Men who went over-the-top in trenches stood little chance when the enemy opened up with their machine guns. Machine guns were one of the main killers in the war and accounted for many thousands of deaths.

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Role of poison gas

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was indiscriminate and could be used on the trenches even when no attack was going on. Whereas the machine gun killed more soldiers overall during the war, death was frequently instant or not drawn out and soldiers could find some shelter in bomb/shell craters from gunfire. A poison gas attack meant soldiers having to put on crude gas masks and if these were unsuccessful, an attack could leave a victim in agony for days and weeks before he finally succumbed to his injuries.

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Role of the tank

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was first used at the little known Battle of Flers. It was then used with less success at the Battle of the Somme. Though the tank was highly unreliable - as one would expect from a new machine - it did a great deal to end the horrors of trench warfare and brought back some mobility to the Western Front. Increased mobility on the Western Front and eventually broke the stalemate of trench warfare.

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stalemate

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Both sides were equally matched and there was no movement / gain of land during trench warfare... both sides would gain some land, but lose it again because of the poor conditions and different technologies which were introduced during this time.

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trench warfare

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opposing armies conduct battle, at relatively close range, from a series of ditches dug into the ground. Trench warfare becomes necessary when two armies face a stalemate, with neither side able to advance and overtake the other.

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Western Front

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The Western Front was the name the Germans gave to a series of trenches that ran 700 kilometres from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border. a wide variety of landscapes in south-west Belgium, north-eastern and eastern France. The battle lines wind their way across the countryside from the sand dunes and flat, reclaimed sea level land on the Belgian coast in the north, to the mountain peaks at 1,400 metres (4,500 feet) above sea level in the Vosges mountain range at its southern end.

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Role of recent immigration

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In 1914 one third of americans were foreign-born. Many supported their home lands. German and Irish Americans supported and backed up the Central Powers decisions. Irish Americans held grudges against the british. jewish Americans hoped for Russia's defeat. Most Americans supported Britain and France.

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autocracy

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The allies were fighting for freedom while autocracy was the opposite of freedom, such like a dictatorship.

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Attitudes Americans held towards the war

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The German invasion of Belgium was an event of the begging war that greatly persuaded Americans opinions. Americans knew little about the cause of the war but were aware of the costs of war.

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Isolationists

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believe that war was non of America's business and that the nation should isolate itself from the hostilities. President Wilson was a major supporter in this.

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American neutrality

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The US isolated itself from the war. It was somewhat hard for the US to stay neutral due to its allies.

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Reasons for neutrality

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War would get in the way of social reforms, were not clear advantages of getting involved in the war, the ethnic diversity made it difficult for people to pick sides.

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Washington's Farewell Address

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1796-Warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values. Washington warned that the forces of geographical sectionalism, political factionalism, and interference by foreign powers in the nation's domestic affairs threatened the stability of the Republic.

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pacifists

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Pacifism is the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved, the abolition for institutions of the military and war, opposition to any organization of society through governmental force, rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals, the obliteration of force, and opposition to violence under any circumstance, even defense of self and others. Pacifists reject the idea of war and some follow nonviolence. While others support wars of national liberation

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American Union against Militarism

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1915- The organization attempted to keep the United States out of European conflict through mass demonstrations, public lectures, and the printed word. Created by the pacifists to stop America from entering WWI.

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Interventionists

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felt that the war did affect American interests and that the United States should intervene in the conflict on the Allies side.

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preparedness movement

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1915- campaign led by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt to strengthen the military of the United States after the outbreak of World War I.

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National Security League (1914)

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Was founded by Solomon Stanwood Menken and General Leonard Wood in December 1914. Was an American patriotic and nationalistic nonprofit, nonpartisan organization. It supported a greatly expanded military, the naturalization and Americanization of immigrants, Americanism, and government regulation of the economy to enhance national preparedness. A unified national defense agency, an interstate highway system, English as the official language, and a unified national budget were all supported by the NSL.

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Internationalists

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occupied the middle ground and believed that the United States Should play an active role in the world affairs and try achieving peace without entering the war.

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contraband-

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Term used to describe weapons and other war that could be legally confiscated by international law. Non-contraband items were items such as food and medicine that could not be confiscated by law. THe british would blockade germany from receiving goods from allies such as contrabands.

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German U-Boat

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Military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. These were mostly used in battle warfare but also in economic warfare.

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Impact of sinking the Lusitania (1915)-

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The Lusitania was a cruiseliner sailing from New York to London in 1915. It was sunk by a German U-boat that fired at it without warning, resulting in the death of nearly 1,200 people. It affected WW1 by turning the United States' opinion against Germany, creating tension between the two countries.

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Impact of sinking the Sussex (1916)-

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A French cross-channel passenger ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed and was severely damaged by a German submarine. Although no US citizens were killed in this attack, it prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany. Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing, on May 4, 1916, the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany's naval warfare policy.

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Sussex pledge (1916)-

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Pledge made by the Germans to the Americans after the Sussex was torpedoed, in which Germany promised to alter their naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships.

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Steps towards preparedness-

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Congressed passed two items to prepare for the possibility of U.S. involvement in the war. These included the national defense act as well as the naval construction act.

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National Defense Act of 1916-

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A federal law that updated the organization of the military, including an expansion of the Army and the National Guard.

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Naval Construction Act of 1916-

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A law passed in order to increase the size of the U.S. Navy. This created more warships for the country and the goal was to double the size of any other navy in the world.

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Wilson's campaign slogan

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"HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR"

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Zimmerman telegram-

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The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note) was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. In return, after the German victory, Mexico would regain Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence and forwarded to the U.S. The fact that America knew germany was trying to trick them with mexico made them want to join the war.

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Russian Revolution

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the government changed from being run by a czar to being run by the Bolsheviks, and the new regime no longer wanted to be involved in World War I. Despite efforts by the Allies to convince them to stay, the Russian troops were pulled out of the war and Russia made a treaty with the Central Powers. The Central Powers then had more troops available to go fight further west since they no longer had to worry about the Russian army. More American troops were needed to fight the Central Powers.

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Vladimir Ilich Lenin

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a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federation Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. Once control is gained make peace with germany. Allowing germany to focus on a 1 front war between france and england.

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America Mobilizes for War

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Greatest impact is on the lives of ordinary people. People fight sacrifice, and sometimes die in war. People produce the food that soldiers eat and the guns that soldiers fire. Information that other people receive about war is used as tactics.

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Building an Army For America

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When the United States entered WWI the army was only a fraction of the size of European armies. To build the army, President Wilson encouraged Americans to volunteer for service and pushed Congress to pass the Selective Service Act. Joined the war to make the world safe for democracy.

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Selective Service Act (1917)-

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Passed by congress in May of 1917, and authorized the draft of young men to go fight the war in Europe.

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Council of National Defense

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Council formed in august of 1916 which created an array of new federal administrative agencies to oversee different phases of the war effort.

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War Industries Board

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United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products.

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Bernard Baruch

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Became chairman of the War Industries Board and was also President Wilson's personal adviser, and reported directly to the president.

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War Trade Board

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The War Trade Board was created by President Woodrow Wilson through an executive order dated 12 October 1917, issued under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act (6 October). The order vested the agency with control over both imports and exports. The board members were representatives of the secretaries of state, treasury, agriculture, and commerce, and of the food administrator and the chairman of the U.S. Shipping Board, with Vance C. McCormick as the chairman. This agency was responsible for licensing exports and imports, rationing supplies to neutrals, and conserving commodities and shipping facilities for American and Allied use.

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National War Labor Board

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federal agency created on April 8, 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of twelve representatives from business and labor and The decisions of the NWLB generally supported and strengthened the position of labor

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Lever Food and Fuel Control Act of 1917

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The Lever Food Control Act of 1917 authorized the president to regulate the price, production, transportation, and allocation of feeds, food, fuel, beverages, and distilled spirits for the remainder of World War I (1914-1918).

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Food Administration

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During the United States participation in World War I the U. S. Food Administration was the responsible agency for the administration of the allies' food reserves. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of the price of wheat on the U. S. market.

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Herbert Hoover

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Director of the United States Food Administration, over sought all of the food management in the united states and had a big say in American food and agriculture.

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Price controls

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The food administration would control the price of many of the crops and food in America. They would often raise prices of wheat and other food items to encourage farmers to increase production.

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"Gospel of the clean plate"

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WWI propaganda,1917 there was a worldwide shortage of food. Gospel of the clean plate was a poster that illustrates the concerns that the Federal Government had in trying to manage the food supply domestically in order to supply Americas World War I allies who had suffered great crop losses. Don't waste food!

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Fuel Administration

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An agency of the Federal government of the United States established in 1917. The administration had general powers to set the price of coal at various points and the cost of transportation (by rail), and in regards to end use (home, factory, or business, etc.).

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daylight savings time

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1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon adopted the system. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year. The United States adopted it in 1918. Clocks go forward 1 hour in the spring and back 1 hour in the fall.

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Railway Administration 1917-1920

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The United States Railroad Administration (USRA) was the name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States between 1917 and 1920. It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency.

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Emergency Fleet Administration

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The Emergency Fleet Corporation was established by the United States Shipping Board, 16 April 1917 pursuant to the Shipping Act (39 Stat. 729) to acquire, maintain, and operate merchant ships to meet national defense, foreign and domestic commerce during World War I.

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convoy system

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The convoy system, which can be defined as a group of merchant vessels sailing together, with or without naval escort, for mutual security and protection, has a much longer history than sometimes suggested. It was commonly employed during the Age of Sail, notably by British vessels under threat from French and US commerce raiders, and indeed probably has its origins in ancient times

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U.S. Shipping Board

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1917-Regulate: marine insurance, transfers of ship registry, and the rates charged in interstate waterborne commerce.Determine the necessity for steamship lines and the characteristics of those vessels, and take apart private ship construction.

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Liberty Bond

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Bond that was sold to support the allied cause in World War I. The bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States. a series of loans by the people of the United States to their government. Provide funds for the resources needed for World War I and to make loans to the Allies.

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William McAdoo

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Offered loans to the Allies to keep the Us out of the war. Greatly helped to finance the war by issuing four large liberty bonds. Director of U.S. Railway System.

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"four minute men"

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A group of volunteers authorized by the US President Woodrow Wilson, to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by The Committee on Public Information. Main purpose was to sell liberty bonds, to finance the war.

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Concerns about loyalty and spies

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The growing number of german spies enacted the Espionage Act (1917) to prevent people from acting in enemy activity and extended to the punishment expressions of doubt about America's role in the war.

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National Security League

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Was founded by Solomon Stanwood Menken and General Leonard Wood in December 1914. Was an American patriotic and nationalistic nonprofit, nonpartisan organization. It supported a greatly expanded military, the naturalization and Americanization of immigrants, Americanism, and government regulation of the economy to enhance national preparedness. A unified national defense agency, an interstate highway system, English as the official language, and a unified national budget were all supported by the NSL.

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propaganda

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Helped to ensure the people though and believed what the government wanted them to believe. Included posters, pamphlets, marches, slogans.

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Committee on Public Information

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Educated the public about the causes and nature of the war. Had to convince Americans that the war was a just cause, or a good investment.

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George Creel

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Director of CPI. he combined educating and an advertising campaign to "sell America". Helped to sell millions of pamphlets and posters that dramatized the needs of America and its allies.

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Conscientious objectors

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Peoples who morals or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars. Selective Service Act allowed Conscientious objectors to not fight. This policy was widely ignored and Conscientious objectors were treated very poorly. Over tie the treatment of these people improved.

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Espionage Act (1917)

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Prevent people from acting in enemy activity and extended to the punishment expressions of doubt about America's role in the war.

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Eugene V. Debs

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Spoke out about the US involvement in the war. Ran as the Socialist Party's candidate for the presidency in 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.

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I.W.W.

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Against American capitalism and democracy. Knowns as Wobblies. Ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements.

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Schenck v. United States (1919)

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Used the Sedition Act . The court ruled that there are times when the first amendment Freedom Of Speech do not apply. Showed how the war lead to some suppression of personal freedoms and individual rights. Not allowed when their is an immediate danger to the people.

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Palmer Raids

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Attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Though more than 500 foreign citizens were deported.

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Sacco and Vanzetti

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Were Italian-born anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during the armed robbery of a shoe factory in Braintree,Massachusetts in 1920. EX. of anti-immigrant ideas

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"liberty cabbage"

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What americans called sauerkraut.

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"liberty measles"

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What Americans called German Measles.

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"liberty steaks"

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Americans said Germans cooked liberty steaks instead of hamburgers.

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"liberty pups"

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What americans called dachshunds.

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Robert Prager

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German coal miner who was lynched by a mob. Twelve men were tried for his murder but were subsequently acquitted. Prager was killed because of anti-German sentiment during the first World War and because he was accused of holding socialist beliefs.

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women in the workforce

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As men went into the armed forces many women moved into the workforce for the first time. They worked in munition factories, on the railroads, as telegraph operators and trolley conductors .

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women in nursing

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Some women joined the Red Cross or the American Women's Hospital Service and went overseas. When the Army Corps of Nurses was created in 1918 thousands more enlisted.

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Womens' Land Army

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A british civilian organization that replaced men that were called to war on farms. gave women employees.

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women's suffrage

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The right of women to vote and to stand for electoral office. Allowed women to become more equal to men and let them go to college and train for a profession. Gained economic and social rights.

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19th Amendment

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Giving women the right to vote. If women could not do mens work, then they deserved the same voting rights as men.

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Attitude of Black Americans towards the War

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The war offered new opportunities for Black Americans. Most supported the war. Thousands enlisted or were drafted to help improve the equality of African Americans.

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Quote of W.E.B. DuBois

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" If this is our country, then this is our war," He viewed the struggle as an excellent opportunity to show Americans the loyalty and patriotism of African Americans.

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Experience of Black soldiers in the war

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Wanted to fight on the front lines. Some did but most had supporting roles.

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Economic opportunities for Black Americans

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Industrial economy boomed creating more jobs for black citizens.

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The Great Migration

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Many African Americans made the move from the south to the north. They moved to escape violent racism, desired better jobs, and a chance for an economic advancement. Some also wa ted a better life for their children. Between 1910 and 1920 more than 1.2 million African Americans moved to the north.

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The experience of Henry Sweet

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English philologist, phonetician and grammarian. As a philologist, he specialized in the Germanic languages, particularly Old English and Old Norse.

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Movement of Hispanics to America

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Many Mexicans faced violence and poverty and wanted a better life for themselves and their children. Many moved to the west to work on farms or ranches. Increased demands for food and a decrease in American farm workers created jobs that Hispanics could fill.

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barrioh

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Hispanic neighborhoods. In Los Angeles and smaller cities in California's Imperial Valley.

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convoys (see pg. 639)

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groups of merchant ships sailed together;protected by warships. The arrangement was designed to provide mutual safety at sea. Convoys made up of British and American ships proved to be an instant success. Shipping losses from U-boat attacks fell as sharply as they had risen. Germany's gable had failed.

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

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The treaty ended the war between Russia(Soon to become the Soviet Union) and Germany. The end of the war on the Eastern Front allowed Germany to send more soldiers to the Western front.

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American Troops Join the Fight

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Fighting continued and with each passing week, American troops assumed more of the burden on the battlefield. Germany launched several more offensives. Allied defenses buckled and stretched but did not break. Each failed offensive weakened Germany a bit more and raised Allied hopes.

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The American Expeditionary Force

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consisted of the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in World War I. During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against Imperial German forces. Some of the troops fought alongside Italian forces in that same year, against Austro-Hungarian forces. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood) in June 1918, and fought its major actions in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives in late 1918.

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John J. Pershing

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The commander of American forces in Europe, arrived in France in June 1917, with a small American force. However, it was not until early 1918 that American troops began arriving in large numbers.

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Beginning to win the war

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They began to battle valiantly at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood, Meuse Argonne and Saint-Mihiel. -Troops learned quickly and fought bravely. -Greatest war heroes was Alvin York of Tennessee. On oct. 8, 1918 York was one of the thousands of Americans fighting in the Meuse Argonne region of the Northeastern France. Trapped behind enemy lines, York and 16 other Americans took cover from blistering machine gun fire. As half fell to German bullets, York took aim with his rifle and silenced a nearby German Machine gun nest. +Medal of honor +Took the German position against amazing odds.

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The war Ends

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American Troops, added to those of France, Britain, and Italy, gave the Allies a military advantage. By the fall of 1918, the german front was collapsing. Both the German and Austro-Hungarian armies had had enough. Men deserted, others mutinied, and many refused to fight. Their leaders faced little choice but to surrender.

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Armistice on November 11, 1918

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Germany surrendered to the Allies in a railway car in Compiegne, France.

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Results of the war

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The war was over. Of the millions of soldiers who mobilized to fight, almost 5 million Allied and 8 million Central Power troops were dead. Nearly 6.5 million civilians were also dead, victims of the terrible conflict. It was left to the peace makers to determine whether the results would justify the costs.

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genocide

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the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

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Wilson's Fourteen Points

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Outlining America's war aims in what became known as the 14 points. At the heart of the points was the idea of "Peace without victory". Wilson proposed a peace inspired by noble ideas, not greed and vengeance.

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National self-determination

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The right of people to choose their own form of Government. This lead to the creation of several new, independent states, but also raised many questions of which populations would achieve statehood and under what circumstances.

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Ho Chi Minh

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was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945-1955) and president (1945-1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army of Vietnam(PAVN) and the Việt Cộng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.He led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the Communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at the battle of Điện Biên Phủ.

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reparations

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payment of war damages. They weaken Germany so that it would never threaten Europe again. British prime minister David Lloyd-George and French Prime minister Georges Clemenceau knew that the citizens of their countries expected both peace and victory. Lloyd-George insisted on protecting the existing colonial status quo and punishing Germany.

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Goals at the Treaty of Versailles (1918)

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was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series.

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Vittorio Orlando

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Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (May 19, 1860 - December 1, 1952) was an Italian diplomat and political figure. He was prime minister of Italy during World War I and was one of the Big Four leaders that built the world order after that war.

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David Lloyd George

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David (17 January 1863 - 26 March 1945) was a British Liberal politician and statesman. He was also the british prime minister during the time of WW1.

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war guilt clause-

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The War Guilt Clause, was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers. The article did not use the word "guilt" but it served as a legal basis to compel Germany to pay reparations. Germans viewed this clause as a national humiliation, forcing Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war.

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Georges Clemenceau

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Georges Clemenceau (28 September 1841 - 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic. He was also the prime minister of france during WW1.

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mandates

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A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League.

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Isolationist concerns

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During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism. Isolationists advocated non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts and non-entanglement in international politics. Although the United States took measures to avoid political and military conflicts across the oceans, it continued to expand economically.

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"Irreconcilables"-

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The Irreconcilables were bitter opponents of the Treaty of Versailles in the United States in 1919. Specifically, the term refers to about 12 to 18 United States Senators, both Republicans and Democrats, who fought intensely to defeat the ratification of the treaty by the Senate in 1919.

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Lodge reservations-

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These Reservations essentially gave a lot of power back to the United States of America in control over how it interacts with other nations, and how they interact with it. Almost all of the Reservations granted the United States more authority over its place within the League of Nations, or when the League of Nations was allowed to make decisions involving the United States.

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Spanish flu (1918)- The 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918

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An unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus. It infected 500 million people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to 100 million of them—three to five percent of the world's population-making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.

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Boston Police Strike (1919)

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Boston police officers went on strike on September 9, 1919. They sought recognition for their trade union and improvements in wages and working conditions. Police Commissioner Edwin Upton Curtis denied that police officers had any right to form a union, much less one affiliated with a larger organization like the American Federation of Labor. Attempts at reconciliation between the Commissioner and the police officers, particularly on the part of Boston's Mayor Andrew James Peters, failed.

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Steel strike of 1919

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The Steel Strike of 1919 was an attempt by the weakened Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers to organize the United States steel industry in the wake of World War I. The strike began on September 21, 1919, and collapsed on January 8, 1920. The AA had formed in 1876. It was a union of skilled iron and steel workers which was deeply committed to craft unionism. However, technological advances had slashed the number of skilled workers in both industries.

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John L. Lewis

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John Llewellyn Lewis was an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. A major player in the history of coal mining, he was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steelworkers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s.

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anarchy in America-

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The dawning of the 20th century was viewed differently by different people. Some saw the coming of a technological age where people would be freed from the drudgery of manual labor. Others saw the potential for a great shared prosperity through increased international trade. And then there were those who saw a convergence of economic and political forces determined to silence the voice of the individual. For these individuals-a loose affiliation called anarchists-only the complete elimination of the state would pave the way for a more just world. In 1900, the anger and zealotry of several so-called anarchists would lead to bloodshed.

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Palmer Raids

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Were attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Though more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U.S. Department of Labor who had responsibility for deportations and who objected to Palmer's methods. The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the Red Scare, the term given to fear of and reaction against political radicals in the U.S. in the years immediately following World War I.

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A. Mitchell Palmer

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Alexander Mitchell Palmer , best known as A. Mitchell Palmer, was Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the "Palmer Raids" during the Red Scare of 1919-20.

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Sacco and Vanzetti

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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian-born anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during the armed robbery of a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts, United States in 1920.

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Warren G. Harding

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Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States a Republican from Ohio who served in the Ohio Senate and then in the United States Senate, where he played a minor role. With the Republican Party convention near deadlock, Harding was chosen as an inoffensive compromise candidate in the 1920 election. He brought leading advertising experts on board, especially Albert Lasker, to publicize his presidential appearance and conservative promises.

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American Century

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A characterization of the period since the middle of the 20th century as being largely dominated by the United States in political, economic, and cultural terms. It is comparable to the description of the period 1815-1914 as Britain's Imperial Century. Critical to the American Century was US control of the world's oil resources. The United States' influence grew throughout the 20th century, but became especially dominant after the end of World War II, when only two superpowers remained, the United States and the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States remained the world's only superpower, and became the hegemon, or what some have termed a hyperpower.

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The Atlanta Speech compromise

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Booker T. Washington Delivers the 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech. On September 18, 1895, African-American spokesman and leader Booker T. Washington spoke before a predominantly white audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta.

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The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

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a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

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President Wilson's War Message-

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America will fight in WWI to the world safe for democracy.

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The points that England and France agreed with the Wilson's 10 Points

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1-3, 6-10, 12-14

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The points that England and France did not agree with the Wilson's 14 Points

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4,5,11

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Germany's plan to end the war

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1.Return to the use of unrestricted submarine warfare. 2.Maintain American Neutrality -Implementation of the Zimmerman note 3.Stop fighting on two fronts -Gets russia out of the war -Role of V.I. Lenin +Used the Russian revolution to push tzar over the edge and bring chaos into Russia. +Lenin got Russia and Germany out of the war and made a peace treaty with Germany.

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6 seeds in the treaty of Versailles that foreshadow ww2

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1. hitler will use the bad german economy to encourage his ideas 2. war guilt clause- make germany feel embarrassed 3. germany ordered to demilitarize 4. loss of alsace-lorraine: sign of embarrassment 5. polish corridor- germany is embarrassed that their germany was cut into two 6. expanding germany

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