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Human Sexuality is influenced by

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A biopsychosocial-spiritual influcences

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A biopsychosocial-spiritual perspective is

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One that combines biological, psychological & socio-environmental factors

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Human sexuality needs to be considered across a

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Lifespan

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Biological influences

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Hormonal Vascular, tissues, Illness Medications & Treatment All aspects of the Human Body

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Psychological influences

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Sexual Knowledge Attitudes Towards Sexual Expression Mental Health Condition & treatments

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Social influences

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Partner Availability Duration of Relationship Quality of Relationship Economic Status & Income levels

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Spiritual influences

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Perceptions of Divine Disposition to Sexuality

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Human sexuality is a complex term that includes elements of

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Sexual self-concept Values Anatomy Physiology Reproduction Affective responses Intentional directness Behaviors

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Sexuality is a ____ dimension of life

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Core

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Expression of one's sexuality is a fundamental mental health need of all individuals, regardless of

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Age & gender

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The core dimension incorporates

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Notions Beliefs Facts Fantasies Rituals Attitudes Values Rights with regard to gender identity & role, sexual acts and orientation Aspects of pleasure, intimacy, & reproduction

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It's important to understand human sexuality because

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It is an all-pervasive theme of human existence Offers a deep sense of connectiveness Offers a means of healing social divisions It creates family - the basic unit of human society & the cradle of future generations In its perverse state - it brings prejudice, violence, anguish, & disease

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Aristotle

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Two means by which organism reproduce themselves sexually and asexually. He guessed that only the father could contribute to the formation of a fetus.

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Anatomists

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Researchers who studied the structure of the body - from antiquity to the Renaissance described internal and external reproductive organs.

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For Centuries Since Aristotle there has been much thinking about the "right and wrong" types of sexual behaviors which have come to be known as

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Sexual ethics

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St. Augustine in the 5th century noted

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All Sexual Behavior was sinful because it was driven by passion & not by the will Established the sex-negative tradition within the Catholic Church

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St Thomas Aquinas noted

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Procreation within marriage was part of God's design. All other forms of sexual expression (vaginal sex, sex with contraception, oral sex, anal sex, masturbation, non-marital sex, homosexual sex, sex for pleasure within marriage,) were forbidden by ecclesiastical law This religious proscription influenced criminal law even in Early US history

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The Enlightenment - the 18th century movement

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Sought to replace traditional authority with the values of reason & freedom & opened the door to the rethinking of sexual ethics

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Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

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Judged sexual behavior by the happiness or the suffering it caused. He argued that morality should be based on "the greatest happiness for the greatest number". He argued that sex between men, a capital offense of the time, should be legal because it harmed no one.

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Feminism

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The theory of the political, economic, & social equality of the sexes The belief that men & women should have equal rights & opportunities Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women had a right to sexual pleasure

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Casanova was very public in recommending

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The use of condoms to prevent pregnancy and STDs

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The late 18th & early 19th century became a period when

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People began to reconsider if sex for pleasure was morally acceptable

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Sex research emerging in the late 19th century included

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The Victorian period - a time of renewed sexual repression on both sides of the Atlantic Resulting in: Emphasis on female "purity" Elimination of prostitution Elimination of pornography Simultaneously growth of the middle class & greater desire for education, resulting in physicians becoming specialists in sexual matters (sex researchers & sexologists)

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Richard von Kraft-Ebing, a German physician pulbished

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1886 best seller Psychopathia Sexualis 237 case histories illustrating all kinds of sexual "deviations"

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Havelock Ellis, an English physician & writer, encouraged a

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Plea for tolerance of sexual diversity

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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist & founder of psychoanalysis

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Thought that sexual problems were rooted in the operations of the unconscious mind especially during childhood

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Magnus Hirschfeld, a German physician and gay rights activist promoted

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Biological ideas about sexuality, especially homosexuality His theoretical approach was contrasted with Freud's He was considered the pioneer of LGBT rights work which he started in Germany He came up against the Nazis He died in exile in France in 1935

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Alfred Kinsey - a famous pioneer of American sex-researcher from Indiana University & a Zoologist

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Large scale sex surveys in the USA during the mid 20th century "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" (1948) & "Sexual Behavior of the human Female" (1953) His work helped make sexual behavior an appropriate subject for objective research. The reports became bestsellers and his lectures were attended by thousands of people. What interested people greatly was the high prevalence of sexually stigmatized behaviors. Shocking to people were the high reports (14%) of experience of multiple orgasms among women

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William Masters, an American Gynecologist & research assistant (Later wife) Virginia Johnson

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Pioneering researchers focused on investigating sexual response through visual observation

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Masters & Johnson are authors of

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The sexual response cycle

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The "Human Sexual Response" is a book by Masters & Johnson highlighting

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How men & women bodies perform during sexual behavior noting the stages of the sexual response cycle

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The "Human Sexual Inadequacy" documented by Masters & Johnson highlighted their techniques

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Help people address & deal with sexual problems

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The sexual response cycle is a

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Four-stage model, designed by Masters & Johnson, of physiological responses to sexual stimulation & includes the following phases: Excitement Plateau Orgasmic Resolution

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Central themes of Feminism's more recently

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1. Women's entitlement to know their own bodies & to seek sexual pleasure 2. Right to terminate pregnancies 3. Right to be free from sexual assault & harassment 4. Differences between the sexes were established by learning & culture. Boys were socialized to be sexually aggressive & girls were socialized to be submissive 5. Deconstruction of gender through restructuring of society - Feminist scholars are committed to the deconstructing of gender 6. Carol Gilligan emphasized that men & women were fundamentally distinct & that women were superior to men in certain respects - such as being more caring

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Feminist Camille Paglia

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Sees gender differences as largely innate & the influences of culture reigning it in

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Transgender

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Having a gender identity that is discordant with one's anatomical sex.(-3% of American Adults)

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Transsexual

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A person who identifies with the other sex & who seeks to transition to the other sex by means of hormone treatment and sex reassignment surgery

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1998 Invention of Sildenafil (Viagra) led to a treatment for

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Erectile Dysfunction

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Sexuality is being studied by multidisciplinary methods, including

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1. Biomedical - investigating the multiple mechanisms of sex 2. Psychology - studying the mental processes & behavior in multiple overlapping sub-disciplines 3. Social Scientists - descriptive studies, experimental studies, qualitative & quantitative studies

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The male reproductive system

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Makes, stores & moves sperm The testicles produce sperm Fluid from the seminal vesicles & prostate gland combines with sperm to make semen The penis ejaculates semen during sexual intercourse

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The female reproductive system

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Vagina Cervix Ovaries Fallopain tubes Uterus Breasts The female reproductive system is made up of internal organs & external structures Its function is to enable reproduction of the species Sexual maturation is the process that this system undergoes in order to carry out its role in the process of pregnancy & birth

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Genes

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The encoded features of heritable traits DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid) strung along chromosomes within the nucleus of each cell in an organism. 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome. (Human Genome Project, 2008)

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Eukaryote

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An organism whose cells contain nuclei. Nucleated cells Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis. This is a cell division in which the chromosome number is preserved

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Single cell organisms

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A form of asexual reproduction

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Sexual reproduction

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The offspring carry a mixture of genes from two parents.

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Gametes

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Contribute chromosomes to the new organism. Usually haploid - that is they contain half the number of chromosomes contained in the regular diploid cells of the same species.

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Diploid

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Cells contain the full complement of chromosomes for the species.

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Meiosis

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The special sequence of cell divisions that produce haploid gametes. This takes place within the reproductive tissue called gonads.

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Gonad

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An organ that produces gametes (a testes in males- an ovary in females).

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When a man ejaculates

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40 to 150 million sperm may be contained in the fluid. The sperm start swimming upstream in the women's reproductive tract toward the Fallopian tubes. The time it takes for sperm to reach an egg is very variable - some may reach their target in half an hour, while others may take days. Sperm can live for up to 48 to 72 hours.

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The process of fertilization takes about

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24 hours Once a sperm has penetrated the egg, the egg surface changes, preventing entry of other sperm. Fertilization - completes the genetic makeup of the baby, including whether it will be a girl or boy.

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A tubal or ectopic pregnancy results in the rare cases in which

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The fertilized egg does not properly enter the uterus & poses serious health risks to the mother

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Implantation is the process by which

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The fertilized egg attaches to the endometrium (lining tissues of the uterus). The cells in the fertilized egg continue to divide.

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HCG

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Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Produced by the cells that will eventually form the placenta. It can be found in the mother's blood within about a week of conception and is detected in pregnancy tests done on blood or urine.

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After implantation in the uterus, some of the cells form the ____________ while others form the _____________.

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placenta & embryo.

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The heartbeat begins during the _____ week of gestation.

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5th.

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At the ______ week the developing embryo is now called a fetus & is about ½ inch long & constantly growing.

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8th

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Sex-determination

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The biological mechanism that determines whether a human organism will develop as male or female.

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It takes ______ Chromosomes to determine an embryo's sex

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46

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44 or the 46 Chromosomes are known as

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Autosomes & come in 22 homologous pairs, regardless of a person's gender.

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Females possess a homologous pair of ____ sex chromosomes

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XX

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Males possess ____ & ____ chromosomes

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X & Y

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Y sex chromosome is present only in

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Males

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Men and women have the same

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Autosomes

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Meiosis

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Cell division in which the number of chromosomes is halved. Thus the ova (from the female) receives 22 autosomes and one X chromosome. Sperm, however receive 22 autosomes and one X or one Y chromosome.

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Zygote

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Recipient of either the X from the ovum & either an X or a Y from the sperm.

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Intersexuality

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Condition marked by ambiguous or incomplete sexual differentiation (disorder of sex development)

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Gonadal intersexuality

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Single individual possess both testicular & ovarian tissue

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Hermaphroditism

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Person may have one ovary and one testes

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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

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Mutation of gene for the androgen receptor & body becomes insensitive to testosterone & other androgens. 1 / 10,000 ratio

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Sexual monogamy

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A sexually exclusive pair-bond manifested in marriage between two people.

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Polygamy

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Is marriage to & mating with more than one partners.

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Polygyny

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The marriage or mating of one male with more than one females.

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Polyandry

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The marriage or mating of one female with more than one males.

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Women & Men are different n both

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Bodies & minds

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External Genitalia

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Are the sexual structures outside of the body.

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The Vulva is the scientific term that refers to the

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Female external genitalia.

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The Vulva includes - Left top to bottom - Slide 35

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Glans of Clitoris Ischiocavernosus Muscle Pubecoccygeus Muslce Bulbospongious Muscle Labia Minora Introitus Superficial & Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles Anus External Anal Sphincter Muscle

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Mons Veneris

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A pad of fatty tissue covered by skin & pubic hair Serves as cushion for the female pubic area during sex. Serves as a sexual trigger of arousal for a woman's partner.

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The Vulva includes - Center Top - Slide 35

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Pubic Symphysis

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The Vulva includes - Right top to bottom - Slide 35

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Suspensory Ligament of Clitoris Corpus Cavenosum of Clitoris Hood of Clitoris Crus of Clitoris External Urethral Opening Vestibular Bulb Bartholin's Gland & its Orifice Remnants of Hymen

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The penis combines

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Erotic, reproductive & excretory functions Developmentally is equivalent to the clitoris. Functionally, it corresponds with the clitoris, urethra & vagina.

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The penis consists of

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Glans Corona Frenulum Shaft Corpus Spongiosum Scrotum

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Sexual Behavior is under the Control of two of the three major communication Networks of the human body which are

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The Nervous System The Endocrine System

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If an X is received from the sperm the resulting Zygote will develop as a

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Female (XX).

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If the Zygote receives a Y from the sperm it will develop as a

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Male (XY).

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Pubic Symphysis

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The front most elements of the pelvic skeleton where the Mons lies & where the pubic hair grows

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Labia Majora

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Two folds of skin padded with fatty tissue, hairy & extend down from the Mons on both sides of the vulva. Erotically sensitive on the inner non-hairy side.

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Labia Minora

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Inner lips Two folds of hairless skin between the Majora

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Clitoral hood

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Covers the clitoris

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Within the Vestibule are

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Clitoris Urethral Opening Vaginal Opening Two Bartholin's Glands

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The Clitoris consists of

answer

Glands Shaft Two Corpora Cavernosa

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The area encircled by the Labia is called the

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Vestibule

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The Labia Minora consists of

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Glands Nerve Endings Blood vessels

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The clitoris

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The erectile organ in females Located @ the junction of Labia Minora, in front of the Vestibule

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Corpora Cavernosa

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Erectile tissue that lie next to each other within the clitoris shaft

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Corpus Spongiosum

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Erectile tissue within the clitoris glans - spongy

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Smegma

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Lubricating secretions from the underside of hte clitoris

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Crus

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The wishbone shape of the clitoris

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Ischiocavernosus muscle

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Surrounds the crus

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Bublospongiosus muscle

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Attaches to the base of the clitoris

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Urethral opening

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The canal that convey urine from the bladder to the urethral opening Located between the vaginal opening & the clitoris

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Barthonlin's Glands

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Small glands on the sides of the vaginal opening inside the Labia Minora

question

5 things necessary for erection

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1. Sensory Nerve ending that detect the stimulation 2. Nerves that convey the sensory info to the spinal cord 3. A processing center in the spinal cord 4. Nerves that carry an output signal to the penis or clitoris 5. Vascular elements that are responsible for the actual erection

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The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed

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The role of the father was to make the fetus

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_____________ is a core dimension of life that incorporates notions, beliefs, facts, fantasies, rituals, attitudes,

answer

Sexuality

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The specialists that have contributed to our understanding of human sexuality, sexual behavior and sex therapy. hey are:

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Urology Cognitive-behavioral Psychology Gynecology Neuroscience Epidemiology Anthropology

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Sexual medicine combines

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Medical practice and psychology

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________________________________________ treatment is necessary for both the assessment & the treatment of sexual challenges

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Integrated multidisciplinary treatment

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Hormonal treatment in the from of testosterone therapy and hormone replacement are primarily for

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Men

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Transdermal testosterone patches and ginkgo biloba can help women who are dealing with

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Post menopausal symptoms

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Medical conditions that can impact sexuality include

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Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Syndrome Cancers & treatments: Prostrate

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Metabolic Syndrome is characterized by:

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Abdominal obesity Dyslipidemia Hypertension

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Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as

answer

Diabetes & stroke

question

Dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides or both.

answer

True

question

The five metabolic risk factors are:

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A large waistline High triglyceride levels Low HDL level High blood pressure High fasting blood sugar

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When working through sexual issues with a client think in order of:

answer

1) Intact Physiology and "typical" functioning; desire, arousal, and orgasm 2) Physiological, neurological, hormonal and vascular intact bodies. 3) The interpersonal context - respect, trust, communication and mutual commitment to all aspects of the relationship Is it life long? Is it acquired? Generalized? Specific? Situational?

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Sex Therapy Models are:

answer

PLISSIT Female Sexual Function Comprehensive Interviews & Assessment

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Bio-psycho-social Assessment includes:

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As a means of determining if their views are sex-negative or sex-positive: 1) Demographic Overview 2) Sociocultural - family origin issues, physical and emotional development issues and history 3) Sexual experience history - wanted & unwanted 4) Details of relationship history 5) Motivations and lac k of motivations 6) Incentives and disincentives to engage sexually 7) Interview with separate and together

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HSDD:

answer

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Diorder

question

MHSDD

answer

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

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Risk factors that contribute to MHSDD are:

answer

Age Hormone Illness & medications Development & cognitive affective risk factors Relational risk factors Sociocultural factors

Human Sexuality & Sex Therapy – Mid-term Study Notes – Flashcards

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