Human Growth & Development Chpt. 1 – Flashcards
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Human Development
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scientific study of the processes of change and stability throughout the human life span
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Life-span Development
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concept of development as a life-long process, which can be studied scientifically
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Interdisciplinary
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psychology, psychiatry,sociology, anthropology, biology, genetics, family science, education, history, philosophy, and medicine
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1st goal of scientific study of human development
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Describe behavior
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2nd goal of scientific study of human development
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Explain behavior
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3rd goal of scientific study of human development
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Predict behavior
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4th goal of scientific study of human development
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Modify behavior (most difficult to accomplish)
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Quantitative change
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change in number of amt, such as in height, weight, or size of vocab
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Qualitative change
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change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication
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Main Domains
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physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development
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Physical Development
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growth of body and brain and change or stability in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health
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Cognitive Development
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change or stability in meantal abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
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Psychosocial Development
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change and stability in emotions, personality, and social relationships
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Social construction
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concept about the nature of reality, based on societally shared perceptions or assumptions
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1st period of lifespan
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Prenatal (conception to birth)
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2nd period of lifespan
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Infant & Toddler (0-3)
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3rd period of lifespan
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Early Childhood (3-6)
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4th period of lifespan
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Middle Childhood (6-11)
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5th period of lifespan
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Adolescence (11-20)
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6th period of lifespan
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Young Adulthood (20-40)
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7th period of lifespan
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Middle Adulthood (40-65)
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8th period of lifespan
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Late Adulthood (65+)
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3 Influences on development
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heredity, environment, maturation
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milestones
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landsmarks of development, or average age for occurence of certain events
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nature
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genetic inheritance
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nurture
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environmental or experiental factors
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Who developed the biological perspective?
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bronfenbrenner
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Major contextual influences
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family, socioeconomic status, culture/race, social/ historical context
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normative influences
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an event that is experienced in a similar way for most people in a group
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non-normative influences
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an unusual event that happens to a particular person, or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life
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critical period
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a specific time when a given event, or it's absences, has a great impact on development
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sensitive period
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time in development when a person is particularly responsive to certain kinds of experiences
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Quantitative
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hard, objectively measurable data
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Qualitative
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soft data about the nature of quality of participants' subjective experiences, feelings or beliefs
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1st step in scientific method
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select a problem
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2nd step in scientific method
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formulate a hypothesis
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3rd step in scientific method
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test the hypothesis
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4th step in scientific method
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draw conclusions
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5th step in scientific method
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disseminate findings
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descriptive studies
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information is gathered on subjects without manipulating them in any way (interviews, questionnaires)
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Manipulative experiments
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an experiment is performed before the information is gathered
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control group
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does not receive treatment
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experimental group
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does receive treatment
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independent variable
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the variable that is varied/manipulated by researcher
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dependent variable
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the response that is measured
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positive correlation
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both variables increase or decrease together
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negative correlation
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as one variable increase the other decreases and vice versa
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Ethical issues in developmental research
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right to informed consent, avoidance of deception, and right to privacy and confidentiality
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heredity
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inborn characteristics inherited from the biological parents at conception
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environment
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totality of nonhereditary or experiential influences on development
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maturation
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unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes, including readiness to master new abilities
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nuclear family
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kinship and household unit made up of one or two parents and their natural, adopted, or stepchildren
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extended family
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a multigenerational kinship network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives
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cohort
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group of people growing up at the same time
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human capital
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the presence of educated, employed adults who can build the community's economic base and provide models of what a young person can hope to achieve
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imprinting
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instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the 1st moving object it sees
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predisposition toward learning
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the readiness of an organism's nervous system to acquire certain information during a brief critical period in early life
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1st principle of the life-span development approach
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Development is lifelong
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2nd principle of the life-span development approach
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Development involves both gain/loss
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3rd principle of the life-span development approach
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Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span.
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4th principle of the life-span development approach
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Development involves a changing allocation of resources
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5th principle of the life-span development approach
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Development is modifiable
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6th principle of the life-span development approach
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Developement is influenced by the historical and cultural context
